ArticleBlood2012
Tim-3 marks human natural killer cell maturation and suppresses cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Article in Blood, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 331 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
331 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 498 citations in OpenAlex.
- In or out of control: Modulating regulatory T cell homeostasis and function with immune checkpoint pathways.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- TIM-3 as a Prognostic Marker and a Potential Immunotherapy Target in Human Malignant Tumors: A Meta-Analysis and Bioinformatics Validation.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- TIM3-targeted delivery of venetoclax overcomes drug resistance and reinvigorates NK cell activity in acute myeloid leukemia.Nature cancer · 2026Article
- Donor NKG2A/NKG2C Immunophenotype Influences the GMP-Compliant Manufacturing Potential of NK Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy.Cancers · 2026Article
- Targeting Immune Checkpoint Proteins in Cancer Therapy and the Potential of RNAi-Based Immunotherapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles as Master Regulators of Immune Modulation in Multiple Myeloma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Osteopontin-driven TGF-β1 signaling via integrin αvβ3-NF-κB axis impairs NK cell function in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Article
- Breakthroughs in HBV-related HCC Therapy: The Unmatched Potential of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.Current treatment options in oncology · 2026Review
- TIM-3, a potential target for sepsis therapy.Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi · 2026Review
- Radiation-induced MYB reduction unleashes TIM-3 expression in NK cells to attenuate antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- TIM-3 in Cardiovascular Disease.Current heart failure reports · 2026Review
- TIM-3 in AML: pathogenic roles and therapeutic targetability.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Natural killer cells: gatekeepers of healthy aging in longevity medicine.Inflammation and regeneration · 2026Review
- Immune dysfunction in Alzheimer disease.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Immune Exhaustion in Chronic Infection and Cancer: Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Interventions.MedComm · 2026Review
- Effective allogeneic natural killer cell therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma avails conserved activating receptors and evades HLA I-driven inhibition.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- PD-1, BTLA and TIGIT as therapeutic targets for rheumatic disease.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Immune checkpoint TIM-3 in tumor immunotherapy.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2026Review
- Inhibitory immune checkpoints in preeclampsia: current landscape, mechanisms, and clinical perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
271 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play an important role against viral infections and cancer. This effect is achieved through a complex mosaic of inhibitory and activating receptors expressed by NK cells that ultimately determine the magnitude of the NK-cell response. The T-cell immunoglobulin- and mucin domain-containing (Tim)-3 receptor was initially identified as a T-helper 1-specific type I membrane protein involved in regulating T-cell responses. Human NK cells transcribe the highest amounts of Tim-3 among lymphocytes. Tim-3 protein is expressed on essentially all mature CD56(dim)CD16(+) NK cells and is expressed heterogeneously in the immature CD56(bright)CD16(-) NK-cell subset in blood from healthy adults and in cord blood. Tim-3 expression was induced on CD56(bright)CD16(-) NK cells after stimulation with IL-15 or IL-12 and IL-18 in vitro, suggesting that Tim-3 is a maturation marker on NK cells. Whereas Tim-3 has been used to identify dysfunctional T cells, NK cells expressing high amounts of Tim-3 are fully responsive with respect to cytokine production and cytotoxicity. However, when Tim-3 was cross-linked with antibodies it suppressed NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that NK-cell responses may be negatively regulated when NK cells encounter target cells expressing cognate ligands of Tim-3.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.