ArticleAIDS (London, England)2012
HIV as an independent risk factor for incident lung cancer.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 122 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
122 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of genetic ancestry as a risk factor for incidence of non-small cell lung cancer in the US.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Pooled it
- Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people living with HIV and AIDS.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016Pooled it
- Alterations to the Bronchial Gene-Expression Effects of Tobacco Smoking in People Living With HIV.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Trial
- Decreased Lung Function and All-Cause Mortality in HIV-infected Individuals.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2018Trial
- Outcomes of a Tailored Intervention for Cigarette Smoking Cessation Among Latinos Living With HIV/AIDS.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2015Trial
- Implementing Sustainable Mobile Health Technology to Optimize a Smoking Cessation Program for Lao People With HIV (Project I-STOP): Protocol for a Hybrid Type-2 Pragmatic Effectiveness-Implementation Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Sex- and age- specific lung cancer incidence and mortality among Medicaid beneficiaries with and without HIV, 2001-2015.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Sexual quality of life among patients with lung cancer and people living with HIV: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Effective and safe use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer in people living with HIV.HIV medicine · 2025Review
- Actionable mutations and targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer among Latin American and Hispanic patients: a systematic literature review of prognosis and meta-analysis.Translational lung cancer research · 2025Article
- Clinical TNM Lung Cancer Staging: A Diagnostic Algorithm with a Pictorial Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- HIV complicated with severe pulmonary adenocarcinoma: A case report.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2025Article
- Sequelae of Immunocompromised Host Pneumonia.Clinics in chest medicine · 2025Review
- The Use of a Tailored Decision Aid to Improve Understanding of Lung Cancer Screening in People With HIV.Chest · 2025Observational
- HIV-associated gut dysbiosis drives oncogenesis through metabolic-immune crosstalk: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Review
- A Novel mHealth App for Smokers Living With HIV Who Are Ambivalent About Quitting Smoking: Formative Research and Randomized Feasibility Study.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
- Dynamics of pulmonary mucosal cytotoxic CD8 T-cells in people living with HIV under suppressive antiretroviral therapy.Respiratory research · 2024Article
- Recommended approaches for screening and early detection of lung cancer in the Middle East and Africa (MEA) region: a consensus statement.Journal of thoracic disease · 2024Review
- HIV Associated Lung Cancer: Unique Clinicopathologic Features and Immune Biomarkers Impacting Lung Cancer Screening and Management.Clinical lung cancer · 2024Article
- Review
62 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIt is unclear whether the elevated rate of lung cancer among HIV-infected persons is due to biological effects of HIV, surveillance bias, or excess smoking. We compared the incidence of lung cancer between HIV-infected and demographically similar HIV-uninfected patients, accounting for smoking and stage of lung cancer at diagnosis.
designData from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Virtual Cohort were linked to data from the Veterans Affairs Central Cancer Registry, resulting in an analytic cohort of 37,294 HIV-infected patients and 75,750 uninfected patients.
methodsWe calculated incidence rates of pathologically confirmed lung cancer by dividing numbers of cases by numbers of person-years at risk. We used Poisson regression to determine incidence rate ratios (IRRs), adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking prevalence, previous bacterial pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
resultsThe incidence rate of lung cancer in HIV-infected patients was 204 cases per 100,000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 167-249] and among uninfected patients was 119 cases per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 110-129). The IRR of lung cancer associated with HIV infection remained significant after multivariable adjustment (IRR 1.7; 95% CI 1.5-1.9). Lung cancer stage at presentation did not differ between HIV-infected and uninfected patients.
conclusionIn our cohort of demographically similar HIV-infected and uninfected patients, HIV infection was an independent risk factor for lung cancer after controlling for potential confounders including smoking. The similar stage distribution between the two groups indicated that surveillance bias was an unlikely explanation for this finding.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.