Cardiac and Metabolic Physiology of Early Larval Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Reflects Parental Swimming Stamina.

Swimming stamina in adult fish is heritable, it is unknown if inherited traits that support enhanced swimming stamina in offspring appear only in juveniles and/or adults, or if these traits actually appear earlier in the morphologically quite different larvae. To answer this question, mature adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were subjected to a swimming performance test that allowed separation into low swimming stamina or high swimming stamina groups. Adults were then bred within their own performance groups. Larval offspring from each of the two groups, designated high (L(HSD)) and low stamina-derived larvae (L(LSD)), were then reared at 27°C in aerated water (21% O(2)). Routine (f(H),r) and active (f(H),a) heart rate, and routine [Formula: see text] and active [Formula: see text] mass-specific oxygen consumption were recorded from 5 days post fertilization (dpf) through 21 dpf, and gross cost of transport and factorial aerobic metabolic scope were derived from [Formula: see text] measurements. Heart rate generally ranged between 150 and 225 bpm in both L(HSD) and L(LSD) populations. However, significant (P < 0.05) differences existed between the L(LSD) and L(HSD) populations at 5 and 14 dpf in f(H),r and at days 10 and 15 dpf in f(H),a. [Formula: see text] was 0.04-0.32 μmol mg(-1) h(-1), while [Formula: see text] was 0.2-1.2 μmol mg(-1) h(-1). Significant (P < 0.05) differences between the L(LSD) and L(HSD) populations in [Formula: see text] occurred at 7, 10, and 21 dpf and in [Formula: see text] at 7 dpf. Gross cost of transport was ∼6-10 μmol O(2)·μg(-1) m(-1) at 5 dpf, peaking at 14-19 μmol O(2) μg(-1) m(-1) at 7-10 dpf, before falling again to 5-6 μmol O(2) μg(-1) m(-1) at 21 dpf, with gross cost of transport significantly higher in the L(LSD) population at 7 dpf. Collectively, these data indicate that inherited physiological differences known to contribute to enhanced stamina in adult parents also appear in their larval offspring well before attainment of juvenile or adult features.