ArticleAnnals of neurology2012
Anesthetics isoflurane and desflurane differently affect mitochondrial function, learning, and memory.
Article in Annals of neurology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 147 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
147 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genetic Assessment of Neurotoxicity Accompanied by Inhalational Anesthesia in Preclinical Studies with Focus on Sevoflurane and Isoflurane-A Narrative Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Mechanism of action of synaptic mitochondrial damage in delayed cognitive recovery.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Anesthesia and mitochondria: balancing toxicity and protection through emerging therapeutic strategies.Journal of anesthesia · 2026Review
- Inhaled General Anesthetics in Alzheimer's Disease Progression: Divergent Effects, Underlying Mechanisms, and Future Perspectives.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Advances and challenges in experimental models of posttraumatic epilepsy for therapeutic interventions.Pharmacological reviews · 2025Review
- Deficiency of intestinal alkaline phosphatase affects behavior and microglia activity in mice.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Neurological and Olfactory Disturbances After General Anesthesia.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Awake brain MRSI reveals anesthetic sensitivity and regional aging effects on [Frontiers in neuroimaging · 2025Article
- Unraveling the role and mechanism of mitochondria in postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a narrative review.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Methylene Blue Pretreatment Protects Against Repeated Neonatal Isoflurane Exposure-Induced Brain Injury and Memory Loss.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- The role of anesthesia in peri‑operative neurocognitive disorders: Molecular mechanisms and preventive strategies.Fundamental research · 2024Review
- Cognitive and Cerebrospinal Fluid Alzheimer's Disease-related Biomarker Trajectories in Older Surgical Patients and Matched Nonsurgical Controls.Anesthesiology · 2024Article
- Novel insights into immune-related genes associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus-related cognitive impairment.World journal of diabetes · 2024Article
- Article
- Isoflurane titration improves detection of hippocampal lactate byImaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Transmission of Alzheimer's disease-associated microbiota dysbiosis and its impact on cognitive function: evidence from mice and patients.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Article
- Sevoflurane Induces a Cyclophilin D-Dependent Decrease of Neural Progenitor Cells Migration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The effects of general anesthetics on mitochondrial structure and function in the developing brain.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- Enhancement of astrocytic gap junctions Connexin43 coupling can improve long-term isoflurane anesthesia-mediated brain network abnormalities and cognitive impairment.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2022Article
- Protective effects of chlorogenic acid on isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment of aged mice.Food science & nutrition · 2022Article
87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThere are approximately 8.5 million Alzheimer disease (AD) patients who need anesthesia and surgery care every year. The inhalation anesthetic isoflurane, but not desflurane, has been shown to induce caspase activation and apoptosis, which are part of AD neuropathogenesis, through the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. However, the in vivo relevance, underlying mechanisms, and functional consequences of these findings remain largely to be determined.
methodsWe therefore set out to assess the effects of isoflurane and desflurane on mitochondrial function, cytotoxicity, learning, and memory using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, and the fear conditioning test.
resultsHere we show that isoflurane, but not desflurane, induces opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), increase in levels of reactive oxygen species, reduction in levels of mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine-5'-triphosphate, activation of caspase 3, and impairment of learning and memory in cultured cells, mouse hippocampus neurons, mouse hippocampus, and mice. Moreover, cyclosporine A, a blocker of mPTP opening, attenuates isoflurane-induced mPTP opening, caspase 3 activation, and impairment of learning and memory. Finally, isoflurane may induce the opening of mPTP via increasing levels of reactive oxygen species.
interpretationThese findings suggest that desflurane could be a safer anesthetic for AD patients as compared to isoflurane, and elucidate the potential mitochondria-associated underlying mechanisms, and therefore have implications for use of anesthetics in AD patients, pending human study confirmation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.