ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2012
Efficacy of biocides used in the modern food industry to control salmonella enterica, and links between biocide tolerance and resistance to clinically relevant antimicrobial compounds.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers.
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Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- Optimizing antimicrobial dosing of bacterial isolates from sugar beet factories to reduce sucrose losses.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
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- Exposure to Low Doses of Biocides Increases Resistance to Other Biocides and to Antibiotics in Strains ofBiology · 2025Article
- A Mini-Review on Multi-Hurdle Control ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Synergistic Bactericidal Effects of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds with Essential Oil Constituents.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Benzalkonium chloride greatly deteriorates the biological activities of human corneal stroma fibroblasts in a concentration-dependent manner.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- Article
- Antimicrobial Tolerance inAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Review
- Sustainable application of biocides to promote hygiene and minimize antimicrobial resistance.Sustainable microbiology · 2024Review
- Use of transcriptomics and genomics to assess the effect of disinfectant exposure on the survival and resistance ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Effect of Sodium Nitrite, Nisin and Lactic Acid on the Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Current Understanding of Potential Linkages between Biocide Tolerance and Antibiotic Cross-Resistance.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Comparison of the Efficiency of Selected Disinfectants against Planktonic and Biofilm Populations ofMicroorganisms · 2023Article
- Quaternary ammonium disinfectants and antiseptics: tolerance, resistance and potential impact on antibiotic resistance.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Review
- Impact of benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and chloroxylenol on bacterial antimicrobial resistance.Journal of applied microbiology · 2022Review
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Fresh Produce-Associated Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci in Oman.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Benzalkonium Chloride, Even at Low Concentrations, Deteriorates Intracellular Metabolic Capacity in Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Comparative Analysis of the Mechanism of Resistance to Silver Nanoparticles and the Biocide 2,2-Dibromo-3-Nitrilopropionamide.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Use of Cocktail of Bacteriophage forFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Biofilm through the Looking Glass: A Microbial Food Safety Perspective.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biocides play an essential role in limiting the spread of infectious disease. The food industry is dependent on these agents, and their increasing use is a matter for concern. Specifically, the emergence of bacteria demonstrating increased tolerance to biocides, coupled with the potential for the development of a phenotype of cross-resistance to clinically important antimicrobial compounds, needs to be assessed. In this study, we investigated the tolerance of a collection of susceptible and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica strains to a panel of seven commercially available food-grade biocide formulations. We explored their abilities to adapt to these formulations and their active biocidal agents, i.e., triclosan, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and benzalkonium chloride, after sequential rounds of in vitro selection. Finally, cross-tolerance of different categories of biocidal formulations, their active agents, and the potential for coselection of resistance to clinically important antibiotics were investigated. Six of seven food-grade biocide formulations were bactericidal at their recommended working concentrations. All showed a reduced activity against both surface-dried and biofilm cultures. A stable phenotype of tolerance to biocide formulations could not be selected. Upon exposure of Salmonella strains to an active biocidal compound, a high-level of tolerance was selected for a number of Salmonella serotypes. No cross-tolerance to the different biocidal agents or food-grade biocide formulations was observed. Most tolerant isolates displayed changes in their patterns of susceptibility to antimicrobial compounds. Food industry biocides are effective against planktonic Salmonella. When exposed to sublethal concentrations of individual active biocidal agents, tolerant isolates may emerge. This emergence was associated with changes in antimicrobial susceptibilities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.