ArticlePloS one2012
Gender differences in immune reconstitution: a multicentric cohort analysis in sub-Saharan Africa.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Marked sex differences in all-cause mortality on antiretroviral therapy in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2016Pooled it
- Predictors of Treatment Adherence and Virological Failure Among People Living with HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in a South African Rural Community: A Sub-study of the ITREMA Randomised Clinical Trial.AIDS and behavior · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Factors Affecting Changes in CD4+ T-cell Count Among People Living with HIV (PLWH): A Retrospective Cohort Study in Kermanshah, Iran.HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Article
- Determinants of CD4 count recovery among severely immunosuppressed HIV patients initiated on antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort study in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Sexual dimorphism in immunity and longevity among the oldest old.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- CD4+ cell count recovery after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected Ethiopian adults.PloS one · 2022Article
- Ten-year attrition and antiretroviral therapy response among HIV-positive adults: a sex-based cohort analysis from eight West African countries.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Article
- Cumulative viral load as a predictor of CD4+ T-cell response to antiretroviral therapy using Bayesian statistical models.PloS one · 2019Article
- Article
- Research priorities to inform "Treat All" policy implementation for people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a consensus statement from the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA).Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2019Article
- Article
- Distribution of advanced HIV disease from three high HIV prevalence settings in Sub-Saharan Africa: a secondary analysis data from three population-based cross-sectional surveys in Eshowe (South Africa), Ndhiwa (Kenya) and Chiradzulu (Malawi).Global health action · 2019Article
- Gender disparity in epidemiological trend of HIV/AIDS infection and treatment in Ethiopia.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2018Article
- Frequency and impact of suboptimal immune recovery on first-line antiretroviral therapy within the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS in East Africa.AIDS (London, England) · 2016Article
- Trends in and correlates of CD4+ cell count at antiretroviral therapy initiation after changes in national ART guidelines in Rwanda.AIDS (London, England) · 2015Article
- Gender-related differences in outcomes and attrition on antiretroviral treatment among an HIV-infected patient cohort in Zimbabwe: 2007-2010.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2015Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn sub-Saharan Africa, men living with HIV often start ART at more advanced stages of disease and have higher early mortality than women. We investigated gender difference in long-term immune reconstitution. METHODS/PRINCIPAL
findingsAntiretroviral-naïve adults who received ART for at least 9 months in four HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa were included. Multivariate mixed linear models were used to examine gender differences in immune reconstitution on first line ART. A total of 21,708 patients (68% women) contributed to 61,912 person-years of follow-up. At ART start,. Median CD4 at ART were 149 [IQR 85-206] for women and 125 cells/µL [IQR 63-187] for men. After the first year on ART, immune recovery was higher in women than in men, and gender-based differences increased by 20 CD4 cells/µL per year on average (95% CI 16-23; P<0.001). Up to 6 years after ART start, patients with low initial CD4 levels experienced similar gains compared to patients with high initial levels, including those with CD4>250 cells/µL (difference between patients with <50 cells/µL and those with >250 was 284 cells/µL; 95% CI 272-296; LR test for interaction with time p = 0.63). Among patients with initial CD4 count of 150-200 cells/µL, women reached 500 CD4 cells after 2.4 years on ART (95% CI 2.4-2.5) and men after 4.5 years (95% CI 4.1-4.8) of ART use.
conclusionWomen achieved better long-term immune response to ART, reaching CD4 level associated with lower risks of AIDS related morbidity and mortality quicker than men.
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