ArticleNature reviews. Immunology2012
Beyond pattern recognition: five immune checkpoints for scaling the microbial threat.
Article in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 135 papers.
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Who cites it
135 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparison of sublingual therapeutic vaccine with antibiotics for the prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2015Trial
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- RNA methyltransferase CMTR-1 inhibition activates a GATA transcription factor-mediated protective immune response.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Human neutrophils recognize group B streptococciFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Neonatal CD19Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- RNA methyltransferase CMTR-1 inhibition activates a GATA transcription factor-mediated protective immune response.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Biological and clinical implications of a model of surveillance immunity.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Immune Dysregulation in Early-Stage Sepsis Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Microbial trash to metabolic treasure.Immunometabolism (Cobham, Surrey) · 2025Article
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- The danger theory of immunity revisited.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Innate immune response in acute critical illness: a narrative review.Annals of intensive care · 2024Review
- Engineered polysaccharides for controlling innate and adaptive immune responses.Nature reviews bioengineering · 2024Article
- The cGAS-STING pathway in COPD: targeting its role and therapeutic potential.Respiratory research · 2024Review
- Oxidized phospholipids during microbial challenge: friend or foe?Genes and immunity · 2024Article
- Reframing sepsis immunobiology for translation: towards informative subtyping and targeted immunomodulatory therapies.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2024Review
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- Neuronal NPR-15 modulates molecular and behavioral immune responses via the amphid sensory neuron-intestinal axis inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Article
75 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Pattern recognition by the innate immune system enables the detection of microorganisms, but how the level of microbial threat is evaluated - a process that is crucial for eliciting measured antimicrobial responses with minimal inflammatory tissue damage - is less well understood. New evidence has shown that features of microbial viability can be detected by the immune system and thereby induce robust responses that are not warranted for dead microorganisms. Here, we propose five immune checkpoints that, as defined here, collectively determine the gravity of microbial encounters.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.