ArticlePloS one2012
Human alpha defensin 5 expression in the human kidney and urinary tract.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03163394 (HD5 Levels in Catheter Versus Bag Urine Specimens in Young Children for the Diagnosis of UTI), which is not on this map. Cited by 56 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
HD5 Levels in Catheter Versus Bag Urine Specimens in Young Children for the Diagnosis of UTI
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Intravesically administered human defensin-5 ameliorates E. coli induced catheter associated-urinary tract infections in female SD rats.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Role of Alpha-Defensins 3 and 5 in Diabetic Complications: Associations with Nephropathy and Metabolic Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms of acute inflammation: systemic responses and kidney-specific pathophysiology.Function (Oxford, England) · 2026Review
- Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-ProducingAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of AAV neutralization by human alpha-defensins.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial Peptide Signaling in Skin Diseases.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2025Review
- Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) Are Not Increased in Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Healthy Older Adult Patients.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Computational Elucidation of Human β-Defensin-2 as a Dual Inhibitor of MMP-9 and PKC-βII for Diabetic Wound Management.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Biomarkers for urinary tract infection: present and future perspectives.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2024Review
- Establishment of Baseline Urinary Antimicrobial Peptide Levels by Age: A Prospective Observational Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Observational
- Intercalated cell function, kidney innate immunity, and urinary tract infections.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2024Review
- Peptidome Profiling ofAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antimicrobial peptides in human intestinal lumen.Journal of immunological methods · 2024Article
- Generation ofAmerican journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2023Article
- A Single Surface-Exposed Amino Acid Determines Differential Neutralization of AAV1 and AAV6 by Human Alpha-Defensins.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Defensins: defenders of human reproductive health.Human reproduction update · 2023Review
- MAP3K7 is an innate immune regulatory gene with increased expression in human and murine kidney intercalated cells following uropathogenic Escherichia coli exposure.Journal of cellular biochemistry · 2022Article
- Human neutrophil peptides 1-3 protect the murine urinary tract from uropathogenicProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Expression and function of human ribonuclease 4 in the kidney and urinary tract.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe mechanisms that maintain sterility in the urinary tract are incompletely understood. Recent studies have implicated the importance of antimicrobial peptides (AMP) in protecting the urinary tract from infection. Here, we characterize the expression and relevance of the AMP human alpha-defensin 5 (HD5) in the human kidney and urinary tract in normal and infected subjects. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsUsing RNA isolated from human kidney, ureter, and bladder tissue, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to show that DEFA5, the gene encoding HD5, is constitutively expressed throughout the urinary tract. With pyelonephritis, DEFA5 expression significantly increased in the kidney. Using immunoblot analysis, HD5 production also increased with pyelonephritis. Immunostaining localized HD5 to the urothelium of the bladder and ureter. In the kidney, HD5 was primarily produced in the distal nephron and collecting tubules. Using immunoblot and ELISA assays, HD5 was not routinely detected in non-infected human urine samples while mean urinary HD5 production increased with E.coli urinary tract infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: DEFA5 is expressed throughout the urinary tract in non-infected subjects. Specifically, HD5 is expressed throughout the urothelium of the lower urinary tract and in the collecting tubules of the kidney. With infection, HD5 expression increases in the kidney and levels become detectable in the urine. To our knowledge, our findings represent the first to quantitate HD5 expression and production in the human kidney. Moreover, this is the first report to detect the presence of HD5 in infected urine samples. Our results suggest that HD5 may have an important role in maintaining urinary tract sterility.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.