Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2012
Infant regulation of intake: the effect of free glutamate content in infant formulas.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 120 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review of metabolism and safety aspects of monosodium glutamate intake in infants and lactating mothers: a scientific and regulatory perspective.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Infant formula feeding practices associated with rapid weight gain: A systematic review.Maternal & child nutrition · 2018Pooled it
- Communicating hunger and satiation in the first 2 years of life: a systematic review.Maternal & child nutrition · 2016Pooled it
- Amino acid profiles in term and preterm human milk through lactation: a systematic review.Nutrients · 2013Pooled it
- Trial
- Early rapid weight gain among formula-fed infants: Impact of formula type and maternal feeding styles.Pediatric obesity · 2019Trial
- Type of infant formula increases early weight gain and impacts energy balance: a randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2018Trial
- Effects of cow milk versus extensive protein hydrolysate formulas on infant cognitive development.Amino acids · 2016Trial
- Glutamate: Safe and Adequate Intake Levels for Infants-Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Regulation of Energy Intake in Infancy: A Narrative Review.Current obesity reports · 2025Review
- Postoral receptors and alimentary taste: implications for energy intake and appetite.Chemical senses · 2025Review
- A Survey on the Evaluation of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Taste in Austria.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Dietary L-Glu sensing by enteroendocrine cells adjusts food intake via modulating gut PYY/NPF secretion.Nature communications · 2024Article
- The metabolome of human milk is altered differentially by Holder pasteurization and high hydrostatic pressure processing.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Article
- Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling Reveals Beneficial Changes in Milk of Sows Supplemented with Fermented Compound Chinese Medicine Feed Additive.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Free threonine in human breast milk is related to infant intestinal microbiota composition.Amino acids · 2022Article
- Short Term Changes in Dietary Fat Content and Metformin Treatment During Lactation Impact Milk Composition and Mammary Gland Morphology.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2022Article
- Hydrolysed Formulas in the Management of Cow's Milk Allergy: New Insights, Pitfalls and Tips.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Obesity-induced taste dysfunction, and its implications for dietary intake.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe recently discovered that infants randomly assigned to a formula high in free amino acids (extensive protein hydrolysate formula; ePHF) during infancy consumed less formula to satiation and gained less weight than did infants fed an isocaloric formula low in free amino acids (cow milk formula; CMF).
objectiveBecause ePHF and CMF differ markedly in concentrations of free glutamate, we tested the hypothesis that the higher glutamate concentrations in ePHF promote satiation and satiety.
designIn this counterbalanced, within-subject study, infants <4 mo of age (n = 30) visited our laboratory for 3 sets of 2 consecutive infant-led formula meals over 3 test days. Infants were fed 1 of 3 isocaloric formulas during each first meal: CMF, ePHF, or CMF with added free glutamate to approximate concentrations in ePHF (CMF+glu). When infants signaled hunger again, they were fed a second meal of CMF. From these data, we calculated satiety ratios for each of the 3 formulas by dividing the intermeal interval by the amount of formula consumed during that particular first meal.
resultsInfants consumed significantly less CMF+glu (P < 0.02) and ePHF (P < 0.04) than CMF during the first meals. They also showed greater levels of satiety after consuming CMF+glu or ePHF: satiety ratios for CMF+glu (P < 0.03) and ePHF (P < 0.05) were significantly higher than for CMF.
conclusionThese findings suggest a role of free glutamate in infant intake regulation and call into question the claim that formula feeding impairs infants' abilities to self regulate energy intake.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.