ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine2012
The hygiene hypothesis: an explanation for the increased frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 129 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in the Offspring Born through Elective or Non-elective Caesarean Section in Comparison to Vaginal Delivery: a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.Current diabetes reports · 2019Pooled it
- What is in the Dust? Species-Level Profiling Reveals Pathogenic and Protective Potential of Microbial Communities in Daycare and Home Environments.Environmental microbiology reports · 2026Article
- Causal relationship between gut microbiome and childhood allergy: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis.Medicine · 2026Article
- Childhood acute leukemia and type 1 diabetes in children: A nationwide case-control study.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Evaluation of distinct and similar pathological features between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.EXCLI journal · 2026Review
- Clustering patterns in Finnish type 1 diabetes patients: a nationwide register-based study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025Article
- Imbalance of stem-like and effector T cell states in children with early type 1 diabetes across conventional and regulatory subsets.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Increased Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Boys Under the Age of 5 Years During COVID-19 Lockdowns in Finland, Sweden and Stanford, CA, USA-An Observational Multicenter Study.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Observational
- Latent EBV enhances the efficacy of anti-CD3 mAb in Type 1 diabetes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Gluten-Free Diet Induces Small-Scale Changes Across Multiple T-Cell Subsets in NOD Mice.European journal of immunology · 2025Article
- [Atopic dermatitis and diabetes mellitus-is there a link?]Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Accelerated onset of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice fed a refined high-fat diet.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2024Article
- Environmental microbiome in the home and daycare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic, and potential risk of non-communicable disease in children.Environmental microbiology reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Distinct transcriptomic profiles in children prior to the appearance of type 1 diabetes-linked islet autoantibodies and following enterovirus infection.Nature communications · 2023Article
- B-1 B Cell-Derived Natural Antibodies against N-Acetyl-d-Glucosamine Suppress Autoimmune Diabetes Pathogenesis.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Is Atopic Dermatitis Only a Skin Disease?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The phenotype of type 1 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- Immunological and virological triggers of type 1 diabetes: insights and implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP).Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2022Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The steadily increasing frequency of insulin-dependent diabetes in several countries is best explained today by the decline of infections. Epidemiologic and animal data support this conclusion, which, however, requires confirmation by intervention trials in man. The mechanisms of the protective effect of infections on diabetes onset are diverse including competition for homeostatic factors and stimulation of regulatory T cells and of Toll-like receptors. These considerations might have interesting therapeutic applications for the prevention of the disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.