ArticleP & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management2012
How patient cost-sharing trends affect adherence and outcomes: a literature review.
Article in P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 125 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
125 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Understanding the Cost Consequences of Pharmacist Roles in Managing Long-Term Illnesses: A Systematic Review.Saudi medical journal · 2026Pooled it
- Cost-sharing and adherence, clinical outcomes, health care utilization, and costs: A systematic literature review.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic umbrella review of the association of prescription drug insurance and cost-sharing with drug use, health services use, and health.BMC health services research · 2022Pooled it
- Does pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men change risk behaviour? A systematic review.Journal of clinical nursing · 2018Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Process Evaluation of a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of a Quadruple Ultra-Low-Dose Treatment for Hypertension Within a Federally Qualified Health Center Network (QUARTET USA).Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Trial
- Trial
- What is in your wallet? A cluster randomized trial of the effects of showing comparative patient out-of-pocket costs on primary care prescribing for uncomplicated hypertension.Implementation science : IS · 2018Trial
- Out-of-Pocket Costs for Chronic Illness Management in High-Deductible Health Plans.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Price Transparency and Patient Empowerment.Health care analysis : HCA : journal of health philosophy and policy · 2026Article
- Patient out-of-pocket costs for antihypertensive single pill combination products with cost caps.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Article
- Price transparency & out-of-pocket payments for medications: Implications of associated delivery fees in the United States.Health policy OPEN · 2026Article
- The 6-item InCharge financial distress/financial wellbeing (IFDFW-6) scale: Development and validation in pharmacy and epidemiology research.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2026Article
- Medicare Advantage Benefits Design and Access to Cardiovascular Care.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- [Financial sacrifice and purchasing capacity for medicines in primary care: evidence from a municipality in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil].Cadernos de saude publica · 2026Article
- Medication adherence and treatment outcomes in intestinal parasitic infections in rural Egypt: a cross-sectional follow-up study.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- Psychosocial factors and patient experience associated with diabetes treatment discontinuation: a cross-sectional study in Japan.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Effects of Part D Senior Savings Model on healthcare costs among the Medicare population.Journal of pharmaceutical health services research : an official journal of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain · 2025Article
- Article
- Improving long-term postoperative pain monitoring and follow-up for women undergoing incontinence mesh surgery: a quality improvement initiative.BMJ open quality · 2025Article
65 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveWe sought to assess the relationship between patient cost sharing; medication adherence; and clinical, utilization, and economic outcomes. METHODOLOGY: We conducted a literature review of articles and abstracts published from January 1974 to May 2008. Articles were identified using PubMed, Ovid, medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. The following terms were used in the search: adherence, compliance, copay, cost sharing, costs, noncompliance, outcomes, hospitalization, utilization, economics, income, and persistence.
resultsWe identified and included 160 articles in the review. Although the types of interventions, measures, and populations studied varied widely, we were able to identify relatively clear relationships between cost sharing, adherence, and outcomes. Of the articles that evaluated the relationship between changes in cost sharing and adherence, 85% showed that an increasing patient share of medication costs was significantly associated with a decrease in adherence. For articles that investigated the relationship between adherence and outcomes, the majority noted that increased adherence was associated with a statistically significant improvement in outcomes.
conclusionIncreasing patient cost sharing was associated with declines in medication adherence, which in turn was associated with poorer health outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
22346336PMC3278192What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.