ReviewClinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN2012
Epidemiology and pathophysiology of nephrotic syndrome-associated thromboembolic disease.
Review in Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 195 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
195 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic review of case series and case reports on pediatric pulmonary embolism.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Pooled it
- Childhood nephrotic syndrome and the clinical profile of thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pediatric research · 2023Pooled it
- Incidence of thromboembolism in children with primary nephrotic syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis.BMC nephrology · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus corticosteroid as initial monotherapy in adult-onset minimal change disease: a meta-analysis.International urology and nephrology · 2022Pooled it
- Management of congenital nephrotic syndrome: consensus recommendations of the ERKNet-ESPN Working Group.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2021Guideline
- The Italian Society for Pediatric Nephrology (SINePe) consensus document on the management of nephrotic syndrome in children: Part I - Diagnosis and treatment of the first episode and the first relapse.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2017Pooled it
- Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Standard Anticoagulation for Thromboprophylaxis in Nephrotic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/HemostasisPooled it
- Global burden of venous thromboembolism: incidence and outcome estimates of deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
- Drug-Drug Interactions Between Oral Anticoagulants and Calcineurin Inhibitors in Nephrotic Syndrome for Management of Thromboembolism.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Proteomics-based clustering for higher risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with nephrotic syndrome.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026Article
- Diversion of Arginine's dietary metabolic fate in proteinuric kidney disease.Research square · 2026Article
- Association Between Microscopic Hematuria and Proteinuria Remission in Adult Nephrotic Syndrome.Kidney medicine · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of rehabilitation practices for inpatients with nephrotic syndrome: a retrospective cohort study using an administrative database.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2026Article
- Serum Protein Electrophoresis and the Albumin-to-Globulin Ratio in the Differential Diagnosis of Minimal Change Disease and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- A multicenter prospective real-world cohort study of direct oral anticoagulant use for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in nephrotic syndrome.BMC nephrology · 2026Observational
- Hypoalbuminemia increases fibrin clot density and impairs fibrinolysis.Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH · 2026Article
- Editorial: Case reports in thrombosis: 2025.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- A Case of Pulmonary Thromboembolism in a Child With Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome.Cureus · 2026Article
- Unprovoked Pulmonary Embolism with Bilateral Deep Vein Thrombosis Revealing Occult Nephrotic Syndrome Due to Seronegative Membranous Nephropathy.European journal of case reports in internal medicine · 2026Article
- Thromboembolic prophylaxis in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. From pathophysiology to clinical management.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
135 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
After infections, thromboembolism is considered by many experts to be the most significant life-threatening complication of nephrotic syndrome. The purpose of this review is to summarize the epidemiology, clinical and molecular pathophysiology, and management of this complication. Children (2.8%) are less likely than adults (26.7%) with nephrotic syndrome to develop thromboembolism. However, infants and children aged >12 years are at much greater risk. Membranous histologic changes increase thromboembolic risk at all ages; in particular, adults with membranous nephropathy have the highest reported risk (37.0%) and children with membranous histology have a rate (25%) that approaches the overall adult rate. There are striking, but variable, pathologic alterations of molecular hemostasis associated with nephrotic syndrome. No clear molecular therapeutic targets have been identified, but most studies show that the major pathologic changes involve antithrombin, fibrinogen, and factors V and VIII. There is inadequate evidence to support routine prophylactic therapy. Therapy includes anticoagulation in all cases, with thrombolysis reserved for those with the most severe thromboembolic disease. Future hemostatic research in nephrotic syndrome should focus on identifying cohorts at highest risk for thrombosis through the use of clinical markers and biomarkers as well as searching for molecular targets to correct the prothrombotic pathophysiology of this disease.
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