ArticleJournal of the American College of Surgeons2012
Severe traumatic head injury affects systemic cytokine expression.
Article in Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Using IL-6 concentrations in the first 24 h following trauma to predict immunological complications and mortality in trauma patients: a meta-analysis.European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society · 2018Pooled it
- Concurrent Toxoplasma gondii infection and neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury patients in a referral hospital in Douala Cameroon.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Immune monitoring, immune phenotyping, and precision intervention in severe pneumonia: current evidence and translational challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Effects of Lifetime Exposure to Sports-Related Head Impacts on Brain Injury and Inflammatory Blood Biomarkers Among Former Middle-Aged Athletes.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Article
- Variations of the lung microbiome and immune response in mechanically ventilated surgical patients.PloS one · 2018Article
- Article
- Posttraumatic inflammation as a key to neuroregeneration after traumatic spinal cord injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2015Article
- Blunted IL-6 and IL-10 response to maximal aerobic exercise in patients with traumatic brain injury.European journal of applied physiology · 2015Article
- Clinical relevance of IL-6 gene polymorphism in severely injured patients.Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences · 2014Article
- Inflammatory response following diffuse axonal injury.International journal of medical sciences · 2013Review
- Oxidative burst of circulating neutrophils following traumatic brain injury in human.PloS one · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe neuroimmunologic effect of traumatic head injury remains ill-defined. This study aimed to characterize systemic cytokine profiles among traumatically injured patients to assess the effect of traumatic head injury on the systemic inflammatory response. STUDY
designFor 5 years, 1,022 patients were evaluated from a multi-institutional Trauma Immunomodulatory Database. Patients were stratified by presence of severe head injury (SHI; head Injury Severity Score ≥4, n = 335) vs nonsevere head injury (NHI; head Injury Severity Score ≤3, n = 687). Systemic cytokine expression was quantified by ELISA within 72 hours of admission. Patient factors, outcomes, and cytokine profiles were compared by univariate analyses.
resultsSHI patients were more severely injured with higher mortality, despite similar ICU infection and ventilator-associated pneumonia rates. Expression of early proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6 (p < 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor-α (p = 0.02), was higher among NHI patients, and expression of immunomodulatory cytokines, interferon-γ (p = 0.01) and interleukin-12 (p = 0.003), was higher in SHI patients. High tumor necrosis factor-α levels in NHI patients were associated with mortality (p = 0.01), increased mechanical ventilation (p = 0.02), and development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (p = 0.01). Alternatively, among SHI patients, high interleukin-2 levels were associated with survival, decreased mechanical ventilation, and absence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
conclusionsThe presence of severe traumatic head injury significantly alters systemic cytokine expression and exerts an immunomodulatory effect. Early recognition of these profiles can allow for targeted intervention to reduce patient morbidity and mortality.
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