ArticleDiabetes care2012
Combined influence of insulin resistance, overweight/obesity, and fatty liver as risk factors for type 2 diabetes.
Article in Diabetes care, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 214 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of insulin resistance in the adult population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a metabolic disease in humans: A literature review.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2021Pooled it
- Dietary sodium reduction does not affect circulating glucose concentrations in fasting children or adults: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Journal of nutrition · 2015Pooled it
- Considering serum alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels together strengthen the prediction of impaired fasting glucose risk: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Intake of Fiber From Different Food Sources and Type 2 Diabetes Risk: An Integrated Analysis of Epidemiological and Multiomic Data.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Optimizing the Management of Menopause-Related Chronic Diseases in Rural Settings: A Closed-Loop "Screening-Prevention-Treatment" Model to Promote Healthy Aging - A Descriptive Study.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Development of automated machine learning models in predicting colorectal adenoma in metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) as a pre-neoplastic niche: Metabolic and inflammatory Gateways to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2025Review
- Bidirectional causal links between diabetes mellitus and autoimmune liver diseases: Insights from Mendelian randomization.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2025Article
- Beyond association: Examining overweight as a mediator in the link between depression and diabetes.World journal of diabetes · 2025Article
- The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Other Metabolic Diseases.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- KRT23 as a Potential Target for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): Evidence From Bioinformatics Analysis, Human Gene Polymorphism and Animal Experiments.International journal of general medicine · 2025Article
- An Exploration of Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) Scores with Dysglycemia and Diabetic Retinopathy: The Beichen Eye Study.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Article
- Fatty liver index and risk of type 2 diabetes of adults with normoglycemia: Insights into insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Glucagon, Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Amino Acids in Humans and Animals without Diabetes Mellitus-An Evidence Map.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The effect of myo-inositol supplementation on AMPK/PI3K/AKT pathway and insulin resistance in patients with NAFLD.Food science & nutrition · 2024Article
- Correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic parameters in persons with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.World journal of hepatology · 2024Article
- Potential Therapeutic Targets in Obesity, Sleep Apnea, Diabetes, and Fatty Liver Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Semaglutide Improves Liver Steatosis and De Novo Lipogenesis Markers in Obese and Type-2-Diabetic Mice with Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThere is dissociation between insulin resistance, overweight/obesity, and fatty liver as risk factors for type 2 diabetes, suggesting that different mechanisms are involved. Our aim was to 1) quantify risk of incident diabetes at follow-up with different combinations of these risk factors at baseline and 2) determine whether each is an independent risk factor for diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe examined 12,853 subjects without diabetes from a South Korean occupational cohort, and insulin resistance (IR) (homeostasis model assessment-IR ≥75th centile, ≥2.0), fatty liver (defined by standard ultrasound criteria), and overweight/obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m(2)) identified at baseline. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident diabetes at 5-year follow-up were estimated using logistic regression.
resultsWe identified 223 incident cases of diabetes from which 26 subjects had none of the three risk factors, 37 had one, 56 had two, and 104 had three. In the fully adjusted model, the OR and CI for diabetes were 3.92 (2.86-5.37) for IR, 1.62 (1.17-2.24) for overweight/obesity, and 2.42 (1.74-3.36) for fatty liver. The OR for the presence of all three factors in a fully adjusted model was 14.13 (8.99-22.21).
conclusionsThe clustering of IR, overweight/obesity, and fatty liver is common and markedly increases the odds of developing type 2 diabetes, but these factors also have effects independently of each other and of confounding factors. The data suggest that treatment for each factor is needed to decrease risk of type 2 diabetes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.