Trial reportThe American journal of clinical nutrition2012
Choline intake in a large cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Trial report in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 68 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Clinical Research Network in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Pioglitazone vs. Vitamin E vs. Placebo for the Treatment of Non-Diabetic Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (PIVENS)
Clinical Research Network in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children (TONIC)
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- B vitamins and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): a systematic review of observational studies.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026Pooled it
- ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2019Guideline
- Different choline supplement metabolism in adults using deuterium labelling.European journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- Usual intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients in a young adult population aged 19-30 years: a cross-sectional study.Journal of nutritional science · 2023Trial
- Development of a Choline Database for Thai Food and a Population-Wide Assessment of Choline Intake in Thailand.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Blood Focused-Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Uncover Non-Linear Risk Association of Inadequate Dietary Choline Intake-Linked Metabolic Stress with MASLD Through Amino Acid Biomarkers,International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The Gut-Liver Axis in MASLD: From Host-Microbiome Crosstalk to Precision Therapeutics.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota and the gut-liver axis in MASLD: mechanisms, immune regulation and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- The importance of sex dimorphism in liver metabolism and progressive liver diseases.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Association of diet quality scores with risk of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in Iranian population: a nested case-control study.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Choline in immunity: a key regulator of immune cell activation and function.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Assessing the Benefit of Dietary Choline Supplementation Throughout Adulthood in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Oral supplementation of choline attenuates the development of alcohol-related liver disease (ALD).Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2024Article
- Loss of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 modulates dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl 126-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity.Environmental research · 2024Article
- NAFLD Fibrosis Progression and Type 2 Diabetes: The Hepatic-Metabolic Interplay.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Research Progress of Natural Products with the Activity of Anti-nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2024Review
- Review
- Dietary choline intake and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in U.S. adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Mechanisms and Clinical Use.Annual review of nutrition · 2023Review
- Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThere is significant histologic and biochemical overlap between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and steatohepatitis associated with choline deficiency.
objectiveWe sought to determine whether subjects with biopsy-proven NAFLD and evidence of an inadequate intake of choline had more severe histologic features.
designWe performed a cross-sectional analysis of 664 subjects enrolled in the multicenter, prospective Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network (NASH CRN) with baseline data on diet composition (from a recall-based food-frequency questionnaire) within 6 mo of a liver biopsy. Food questionnaires were analyzed with proprietary software to estimate daily intakes of choline. Liver biopsies were centrally read, and consensus was scored with the NASH CRN-developed scoring system. Because choline needs vary by age, sex, and menopausal status, participants were segregated into corresponding categories (children 9-13 y old, males ≥14 y old, premenopausal women ≥19 y old, and postmenopausal women) on the basis of the Institute of Medicine's definition of adequate intake (AI) for choline. Deficient intake was defined as <50% AI.
resultsPostmenopausal women with deficient choline intake had worse fibrosis (P = 0.002) once factors associated with NAFLD (age, race-ethnicity, obesity, elevated triglycerides, diabetes, alcohol use, and steroid use) were considered in multiple ordinal logistic regression models. Choline intake was not identified as a contributor to disease severity in children, men, or premenopausal women.
conclusionDecreased choline intake is significantly associated with increased fibrosis in postmenopausal women with NAFLD. The Pioglitazone vs Vitamin E vs Placebo for Treatment of Non-Diabetic Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00063622, and the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00063635.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.