ArticleBMC public health2012
Persistent socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors in England over 1994-2008: a time-trend analysis of repeated cross-sectional data.
Article in BMC public health, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 109 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current salt reduction policies across gradients of inequality-adjusted human development in the WHO European region: minding the gaps.Public health nutrition · 2014Pooled it
- Socioeconomic inequalities in disease prevalence by age and sex for 17 common long-term conditions in England: retrospective, observational study of electronic primary care records from Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Observational
- Identifying relevant intersections in relation to motivation and attempt to stop smoking by using a combination of methods to develop robust predictive models and resampling techniques: A cross-sectional study of the German population.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2025Article
- Twelve-year (2008-2019) trends in socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular risk factors in a Swiss representative survey of the general population.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Time Trends in Income-related Differences in Food Group Intakes: The National Health and Nutrition Survey, Japan in 2010, 2014, and 2018.Journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Reversals in past long-term trends in educational inequalities in life expectancy for selected European countries.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2023Article
- Education differences in cardiometabolic risk in England, Scotland and the United States between 1992 and 2019.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2022Article
- Investigating change across time in prevalence or association: the challenges of cross-study comparative research and possible solutions.Discover social science and health · 2022Article
- Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2021Review
- Prevalence and Factors of Hypertension Among Bangladeshi Adults.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2021Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension Among Young Adults in Albania.High blood pressure & cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension · 2021Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in blood pressure: co-ordinated analysis of 147,775 participants from repeated birth cohort and cross-sectional datasets, 1989 to 2016.BMC medicine · 2020Article
- Thirteen-year trends in the prevalence of diabetes according to socioeconomic condition and cardiovascular risk factors in a Swiss population.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2020Article
- Geographic and socioeconomic disparity in cardiovascular risk factors in Indonesia: analysis of the Basic Health Research 2018.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Decomposing socioeconomic inequality in dental caries in Iran: cross-sectional results from the PERSIAN cohort study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2020Article
- Article
- Racial/ethnic disparities in prevalence, treatment, and control of hypertension among US adults following application of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline.Preventive medicine reports · 2019Article
- Sex differences in prevalence and associated factors of prehypertension and hypertension among Bangladeshi adults.International Journal of Cardiology. Hypertension · 2019Article
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Rise of Adult Obesity: A Time-Trend Analysis of National Examination Data from Germany, 1990-2011.Obesity facts · 2019Article
- Determinants of hypertension among adults in Bangladesh as per the Joint National Committee 7 and 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Hypertension Association hypertension guidelines.Journal of the American Society of Hypertension : JASH · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOur aims were to determine the pace of change in cardiovascular risk factors by age, gender and socioeconomic groups from 1994 to 2008, and quantify the magnitude, direction and change in absolute and relative inequalities.
methodsTime trend analysis was used to measure change in absolute and relative inequalities in risk factors by gender and age (16-54, ≥ 55 years), using repeated cross-sectional data from the Health Survey for England 1994-2008. Seven risk factors were examined: smoking, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, raised cholesterol, consumption of five or more daily portions of fruit and vegetables, and physical activity. Socioeconomic group was measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2007.
resultsBetween 1994 and 2008, the prevalence of smoking, high blood pressure and raised cholesterol decreased in most deprivation quintiles. However, obesity and diabetes increased. Increasing absolute inequalities were found in obesity in older men and women (p = 0.044 and p = 0.027 respectively), diabetes in young men and older women (p = 0.036 and p = 0.019 respectively), and physical activity in older women (p = 0.025). Relative inequality increased in high blood pressure in young women (p = 0.005). The prevalence of raised cholesterol showed widening absolute and relative inverse gradients from 1998 onwards in older men (p = 0.004 and p ≤ 0.001 respectively) and women (p ≤ 0.001 and p ≤ 0.001).
conclusionsFavourable trends in smoking, blood pressure and cholesterol are consistent with falling coronary heart disease death rates. However, adverse trends in obesity and diabetes are likely to counteract some of these gains. Furthermore, little progress over the last 15 years has been made towards reducing inequalities. Implementation of known effective population based approaches in combination with interventions targeted at individuals/subgroups with poorer cardiovascular risk profiles are therefore recommended to reduce social inequalities.
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