ArticleToxicology and applied pharmacology2012
A less stressful alternative to oral gavage for pharmacological and toxicological studies in mice.
Article in Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 146 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Arginine-Silicate-Inositol Promotes Femoral Fracture Healing in Rats.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- In vivo systemic toxicity assessment of Bacillus safensis NMCC-189: a probiotic strain evaluated via short-term tolerability and 28-day repeated-dose (OECD 407) study in Balb/c mice.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Ketogenic diet as a metabolic vehicle enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of mebendazole and devimistat in juvenile syngeneic high-grade glioma.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- A Refined Method for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Using Nutella.Clinical and translational science · 2026Article
- Moving beyond oral gavage: micropipette-guided drug administration (MDA) as a 3R refinement for voluntary oral drug delivery in rodents.Lab animal · 2026Article
- Susceptibility of the Placenta and Fetal Brain to Maternal Probiotic Supplementation.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Sorbent Intervention to Reduce Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Maternal Reproductive Tissues and Transgenerational Translocation in Sprague-Dawley Rats.Journal of hazardous materials advances · 2026Article
- If you give a mouse a poopsicle: a novel fecal microbiota transplant method for exploring the role of the gut microbiome in stress-related outcomes in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
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- Chewable Tablets for Precise Unit Dosing of Animals.Journal of pharmaceutical innovation · 2026Article
- If you give a mouse a poopsicle: a novel fecal microbiota transplant method for exploring the role of the gut microbiome in stress-related outcomes in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Diet gel-based oral drug delivery system for controlled dosing of small molecules for microglia depletion and inducible Cre recombination in mice.Lab animal · 2025Article
- A new method to replace oral gavage for the study ofLaboratory animals · 2025Article
- Effects of Long-Term Carprofen and Omeprazole Administration in C57BL/6J Mice.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
- Dose-dependent evaluation of chronic oleocanthal on metabolic phenotypes and organ toxicity in 5xFAD mice.Pharmacological research. Natural products · 2025Article
- A Preliminary Approach to Oral Low-Dose Ketamine Self-Administration in Mice (Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Oral gavage dosing can induce stress and potentially confound experimental measurements, particularly when blood pressure and heart rate are endpoints of interest. Thus, we developed a pill formulation that mice would voluntarily consume and tested the hypothesis that pill dosing would be significantly less stressful than oral gavage. C57Bl/6 male mice were singly housed and on four consecutive days were exposed to an individual walking into the room (week 1, control), a pill being placed into the cage (week 2), and a dose of water via oral gavage (week 3). Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded by radiotelemetry continuously for 5h after treatment, and feces collected 6-10h after treatment for analysis of corticosterone metabolites. Both pill and gavage dosing significantly increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) during the first hour, compared to control. However, the increase in MAP was significantly greater after gavage and remained elevated up to 5h, while MAP returned to normal within 2h after a pill. Neither pill nor gavage dosing significantly increased heart rate during the first hour, compared to control; however, pill dosing significantly reduced heart rate while gavage significantly increased heart rate 2-5h post dosing. MAP and heart rate did not differ 24h after dosing. Lastly, only gavage dosing significantly increased fecal corticosterone metabolites, indicating a systemic stress response via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. These data demonstrated that this pill dosing method of mice is significantly less stressful than oral gavage.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.