ArticleBiological psychiatry2012
The relationship between Toxoplasma gondii infection and mood disorders in the third National Health and Nutrition Survey.
Article in Biological psychiatry, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 162 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide association study in two populations to determine genetic variants associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection and relationship to schizophrenia risk.Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Is there any association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2019Pooled it
- Prevalence, incidence estimations, and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Germany: a representative, cross-sectional, serological study.Scientific reports · 2016Trial
- Wealth, health, cats and Toxoplasma gondii: An ecological correlational study of subjective well-being across 93 countries.PloS one · 2026Article
- Association of neurobiological and immune serum biomarkers with Toxoplasma gondii infection in patients with schizophrenia.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- Possible link betweenAfrican health sciences · 2025Article
- Toxoplasma gondii, suicidal behaviour and suicide risk factors in US Veterans enrolled in mental health treatment.Folia parasitologica · 2025Article
- Diseases Caused by and Behaviors Associated withPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Borrelia burgdorferi infections in patients with multiple sclerosis in Poland.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Global seroprevalence ofHealth science reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Acute toxoplasmosis can increase serum dopamine level.Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2022Article
- Article
- Comprehensive Overview ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Examining the Relationship betweenPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Relationship between Latent Toxoplasmosis and Depression in Clients of a Center for Assisted Reproduction.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Review
- Article
- Neurological and Neurobehavioral Disorders Associated withJournal of parasitology research · 2021Review
- Potential linkage between Toxoplasma gondii infection and physical education scores of college students.PloS one · 2021Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundToxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a neurotropic protozoan parasite that causes persistent infection in humans. A substantial literature suggests that schizophrenia is associated with increased seroprevalence of T. gondii, but a possible link of the parasite with mood disorders has not been as thoroughly investigated.
methodsWe examined the association of Toxoplasma-specific immunoglobulin G results with mood disorder outcomes in 7440 respondents from the third National Health and Nutrition Survey, which is a nationally representative sample of the United States noninstitutionalized civilian population. Regression models were adjusted for numerous potential confounders, including tobacco smoking and C-reactive protein levels.
resultsNo statistically significant associations were found between T. gondii seroprevalence and a history of major depression (n = 574; adjusted odds ratio [OR]: .8; 95% confidence interval [CI]: .5-1.2), severe major depression (n = 515; adjusted OR: .8; 95% CI: .6-1.2), dysthymia (n = 548; adjusted OR: 1.1; 95% CI: .7-1.8), or dysthymia with comorbid major depression (n = 242, adjusted OR: 1.2; 95% CI: .6-2.4), all p values were > .05, including analysis stratified by gender. However, there was a significant relationship between T. gondii seroprevalence and bipolar disorder type I for respondents in which both manic and major depression symptoms were reported (n = 41; adjusted OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.2-4.8; p < .05).
conclusionsIn a population-based sample, T. gondii seroprevalence is not elevated in unipolar mood disorders but is higher in a subset of respondents with a history of bipolar disorder type 1.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.