ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2012
Identification of RALDH2 as a visually regulated retinoic acid synthesizing enzyme in the chick choroid.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Anatomical and Transcriptional Alterations in the Mouse Choroid Induced by All-Trans Retinoic Acid.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Modulation of All-Trans Retinoic Acid by Light and Dopamine in the Murine Eye.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Characteristics of the Peripapillary Structure and Vasculature in Patients With Myopic Anisometropia.Translational vision science & technology · 2023Article
- Single Cell Transcriptomics Identifies Distinct Choroid Cell Populations Involved in Visually Guided Eye Growth.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Candidate pathways for retina to scleral signaling in refractive eye growth.Experimental eye research · 2022Review
- Retinoic acid inhibitors mitigate vision loss in a mouse model of retinal degeneration.Science advances · 2022Article
- Article
- Functional integration of eye tissues and refractive eye development: Mechanisms and pathways.Experimental eye research · 2021Review
- Short Wavelength (Blue) Light Is Protective for Lens-Induced Myopia in Guinea Pigs Potentially Through a Retinoic Acid-Related Mechanism.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2021Article
- Retinoic acid synthesis by a population of choroidal stromal cells.Experimental eye research · 2020Article
- IMI - Report on Experimental Models of Emmetropization and Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2019Review
- Design, synthesis, and ex vivo evaluation of a selective inhibitor for retinaldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes.Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry · 2018Article
- Identification of Apolipoprotein A-I as a Retinoic Acid-binding Protein in the Eye.The Journal of biological chemistry · 2016Article
- Postnatal Chick Choroids Exhibit Increased Retinaldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity During Recovery From Form Deprivation Induced Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2016Article
- The dynamic sclera: extracellular matrix remodeling in normal ocular growth and myopia development.Experimental eye research · 2015Review
- RPE and Choroid Mechanisms Underlying Ocular Growth and Myopia.Progress in molecular biology and translational science · 2015Review
- Identification of active retinaldehyde dehydrogenase isoforms in the postnatal human eye.PloS one · 2015Article
- Gene expression signatures in tree shrew choroid during lens-induced myopia and recovery.Experimental eye research · 2014Article
- The choroid as a sclera growth regulator.Experimental eye research · 2013Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAll-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) has been implicated in the local regulation of scleral proteoglycan synthesis in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to identify the enzymes involved in the synthesis of atRA during visually guided ocular growth, the cells involved in modulation of atRA biosynthesis in the choroid, and the effect of choroid-derived atRA on scleral proteoglycan synthesis.
methodsMyopia was induced in White leghorn chicks by form deprivation for 10 days, followed by up to 15 days of unrestricted vision (recovery). Expression of atRA synthesizing enzymes was evaluated by semiquantitative qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. atRA synthesis was measured in organ cultures of isolated choroids using LC-tandem MS quantification. Scleral proteoglycan synthesis was measured in vitro by the incorporation of (35)SO(4) in CPC-precipitable glycosaminoglycans. RESULTS; RALDH2 was the predominant RALDH transcript in the choroid (> 100-fold that of RALDH3). RALDH2 mRNA was elevated after 12 and 24 hours of recovery (60% and 188%, respectively; P < 0.01). The atRA concentration was significantly higher in cultures of choroids from 24-hour to 15-day recovering eyes than in paired controls (-195%; P < 0.01). Choroid conditioned medium from recovering choroids inhibited proteoglycan synthesis to 43% of controls (P < 0.02, paired t-test; n = 16) and produced a relative inhibition corresponding to a RA concentration of 7.20 × 10(-8) M.
conclusionsThe results of this study suggest that RALDH2 is the major retinal dehydrogenase in the chick choroid and is responsible for increased atRA synthesis in response to myopic defocus.
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