ArticleBritish journal of cancer2012
A phase 1 trial of recombinant human IL-21 in combination with cetuximab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Article in British journal of cancer, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- An engineered IL-21 variant is a potent antitumor candidate for antitumor immunotherapy.Acta pharmacologica Sinica · 2026Article
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- Advances in host-directed therapy for tuberculosis and HIV coinfection: enhancing immune responses.Trends in microbiology · 2025Review
- Adjusting the scope of natural killer cells in cancer therapy.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
- Metabolic interplays between the tumour and the host shape the tumour macroenvironment.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- The effects of interleukin-21 in the biology of transplant rejection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Cytokine-overexpressing dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Review
- From bench to bedside: the past, present and future of IL-21 immunotherapy.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- Enhanced abscopal anti-tumor response via a triple combination of thermal ablation, IL-21, and PD-1 inhibition therapy.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- Therapeutic potential of interleukin-21 in cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- NK cell-based tumor immunotherapy.Bioactive materials · 2024Review
- Implications of IL-21 in solid tumor therapy.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2023Review
- Interleukins (Cytokines) as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: Progression, Detection, and Monitoring.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Review
- The application of Interleukin-2 family cytokines in tumor immunotherapy research.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Complement downregulation promotes an inflammatory signature that renders colorectal cancer susceptible to immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Article
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Delivery System: An Update.Pharmaceutics · 2022Review
- Natural killer cells: a promising immunotherapy for cancer.Journal of translational medicine · 2022Review
- The War Is on: The Immune System against Glioblastoma-How Can NK Cells Drive This Battle?Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Immunotherapies catering to the unmet medical need of cold colorectal cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPre-clinical data indicate enhanced anti-tumour activity when combining recombinant human interleukin-21 (rIL-21), a class 1 cytokine, with cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody, targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor. This phase 1 trial assessed the safety and tolerability of escalating doses of rIL-21 in combination with cetuximab in chemo-naïve patients with stage IV colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND
methodsSequential cohorts of PS 0-1, asymptomatic patients, were treated weekly with cetuximab 250 mg m(-2) intravenously (i.v.) plus escalating i.v. doses of rIL-21 following an initial loading dose of cetuximab 400 mg m(-2). Initial treatment period was 8 weeks, with extension permitted in patients without disease progression.
resultsIn all, 15 patients were included in this study. Adverse events related to rIL-21 or rIL-21 plus cetuximab included lethargy, nausea/vomiting, stomatitis, lymphopenia and pyrexia and were mainly ≤ grade 2. One dose limiting toxicity occurred (grade 3 diarrhoea). Maximum tolerated dose was not determined because of the premature study closure. Maximum administered dose was 100 μg kg(-1) rIL-21 weekly. In all, 60% of the patients had stable disease. Immune activation was confirmed by various T- and NK-cell activation biomarkers, including dose-dependent increases in serum sCD25.
conclusionrIL-21 weekly combined with cetuximab is well tolerated at doses up to 100 μg kg(-1) and results in activation of immune response biomarkers.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.