ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2012
Interaction and exposure modification: are we asking the right questions?
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sunshine duration and episodes of mental disorders and the inverse effect modification by ambient temperature.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- Methods for modeling gene-environment interplay using polygenic risk scores.Statistical applications in genetics and molecular biology · 2026Review
- Interaction and Effect Modification in Clinical and Epidemiological Studies: Part 38 of a Series on the Evaluation of Scientific Publications.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2025Review
- Gene-respiratory disease interactions for rheumatoid arthritis risk.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2023Article
- Interaction in Theory and in Practice: Evaluating Combinations of Exposures in Epidemiologic Research.American journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Association between work physical activity, dietary factors, and risk of rheumatoid arthritis.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2022Article
- A proposal for capturing interaction and effect modification using DAGs.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
- Perceived HIV Treatment Norms Modify the Association Between HIV-Related Stigma and Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Among Persons Living with HIV in Baltimore, Maryland.AIDS and behavior · 2022Article
- Does socio-economic status influence the effect of multimorbidity on the frequent use of ambulatory care services in a universal healthcare system? A population-based cohort study.BMC health services research · 2021Article
- A self-consistent probabilistic formulation for inference of interactions.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among women with preeclampsia with severe features <34 weeks gestation with versus without comorbidity.Pregnancy hypertension · 2020Article
- How do age and major risk factors for mortality interact over the life-course? Implications for health disparities research and public health policy.SSM - population health · 2019Article
- Synergism between diabetes and human immunodeficiency virus in increasing the risk of tuberculosis.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2018Article
- Statistical interactions and Bayes estimation of log odds in case-control studies.Statistical methods in medical research · 2017Article
- Smoking, HIV, and risk of pregnancy loss.AIDS (London, England) · 2017Observational
- Adverse Childhood Experiences, Support, and the Perception of Ability to Work in Adults with Disability.PloS one · 2016Article
- Gene-environment interactions in cancer epidemiology: a National Cancer Institute Think Tank report.Genetic epidemiology · 2013Article
- Practices that reduce the Latina survival disparity after breast cancer.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2013Article
- Contrasting theories of interaction in epidemiology and toxicology.Environmental health perspectives · 2013Article
- Bhavnani et Al. respond to "assessing mechanistic interaction".American journal of epidemiology · 2012Article
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1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Most diseases arise not purely through genetic abnormalities nor purely through environmental causes, but as "complex" conditions brought about by the combined effects of genetic susceptibility factors, nongenetic experiences and exposures, and bad luck. Finding simple models capable of both characterizing such joint effects and providing new insight into pathogenesis remains an ongoing challenge in etiologic epidemiology. Additive null models can capture certain pure forms of independent etiologic effects in studies of rare conditions and can be useful for predicting possible effects of interventions. The concept of exposure modification is here proposed as useful, particularly in thinking about biologic interactions between exposures and genetic variants. Openness to parsimonious joint models and the insights they can provide is key to advancing our understanding of etiology.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.