Regulation of neurokine receptor signaling and trafficking.

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are neurally active cytokines, or neurokines. LIF signals through a receptor consisting of gp130 and the low affinity LIF receptor (LIFR), while the CNTF receptor consists of gp130, LIFR, and the low affinity CNTF receptor (CNTFR). Ser1044 of the LIFR is phosphorylated by Erk1/2 MAP kinase. Stimulation of neural cells with growth factors which strongly activate Erk1/2 decreases LIF-mediated signal transduction due to increased degradation of the LIFR as a consequence of Erk1/2-dependent phosphorylation of the receptor at Ser1044. The gp130 receptor subunit is phosphorylated, at least in part by calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, at Ser782, which is adjacent to a dileucine internalization motif. Ser782 appears to negatively regulate cytokine receptor expression, as mutagenesis of Ser782 results in increased gp130 expression and cytokine-induced neuropeptide gene transcription. The LIFR and gp130 are transmembrane proteins, while CNTFR is a peripheral membrane protein attached to the cell surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol tail. In unstimulated cells, CNTFR but not LIFR and gp130 is localized to detergent-resistant lipid rafts. Stimulation of cells with CNTFR causes translocation of LIFR and gp130 into the lipid rafts, while stimulation with LIF does not induce receptor translocation, raising the possibility that CNTF could induce different patterns of signaling and/or receptor trafficking than caused by LIF. We used a compartmentalized culture system to examine the mechanisms for retrograde signaling by LIF and CNTF from distal neurites to the cell bodies of mouse sympathetic neurons. Stimulation with neurokines of the distal neurites of sympathetic neurons grown in a compartmentalized culture system resulted in the activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Stat3. Retrograde signaling required Jak kinase activity in the cell body but not the distal neurites, and could be blocked by inhibitors of microtubule but not microfilament function. The results are consistent with a signaling endosomes model in which the ctyokine/receptor complex is transported back to the cell body where Stat3 is activated. While both LIF and CNTF mediate retrograde activation of Stat3, the kinetics for retrograde signaling differ for the two neurokines.