SynthesisDiabetes care2012
Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.
Synthesis in Diabetes care, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 6 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 2,369 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Combined Anti-VEGF Intravitreal Injections With Sustained Steroid Implantation for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Oedema
Effects of Oral Fenofibrate on Retinal Thickness and Macular Volume: Assessments on Retinal Endothelial Vascular Dysfunction, Inflammation, and Angiogenesis in Diabetic Retinopathy With Dyslipidemia
Study of the Microvascular Changes in the Retina Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) - Angiography in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus at the Onset of the Disease and After Optimization of Glycemic Control.
The Effect of Topical Corticosteroids and Topical NSAIDs Perioperatively on IL6 Levels in Aqueous Humor and on Incidence of PCME in Patients With NPDR
Anatomical and Functional Outcomes After Vitrectomy in Eyes With Tractional Diabetic Macular Edema
Safety and Efficacy of Peribulbar Anesthesia for Pain Management in Patients With Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy During Panretinal Photocoagulation
Who cites it
2,369 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 4,794 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Worsening of Diabetic Retinopathy Following Initiation of Hybrid Closed-Loop/Automated Insulin Delivery Systems in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Structured Study-Level Synthesis.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Pooled it
- Use of Aflibercept 8 mg for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema in Italy: A Cost-Minimisation Analysis Based on an Indirect Treatment Comparison.Advances in therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Association between diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative diagnostic accuracy of photographic methods for detecting diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- The gut-eye axis: microbiota and their role in diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Pooled it
- Altered resting-state brain function in diabetic retinopathy: a meta-analysis of combined transcriptome-neuroimaging study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Diabetic eye screening in people with diabetes undergoing haemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025Pooled it
- The Impact of Antioxidant Adjuncts on Periodontal Health in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Meta-Analysis.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2025Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of biosimilar aflibercept MYL-1701P in diabetic macular oedema: 20-week extension results following the INSIGHT pivotal trial.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Long term evolutions of hard exudates after anti-VEGF therapy for diabetic macular oedema.Eye (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Qiming Granule for Nerve Injury Associated with Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Multicenter, Randomized, Non-inferiority, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial.Chinese journal of integrative medicine · 2026Trial
- Expanding insights from the VISTA phase III trial: longitudinal comparative assessment of ellipsoid zone integrity and volumetric fluid dynamics.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Supportive care needs of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A qualitative study.International journal of nursing studies advances · 2026Article
- Association between remnant cholesterol and incident diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study.Annals of medicine · 2026Article
- Ocular Manifestations of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systemic Vascular Phenotype.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Article
- Lactate-induced MBD2 K186 lactylation promotes YAP1-dependent myofibroblast-like remodeling of Müller cells in diabetic retinopathy.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Temporal trend analysis of the global prevalence of vision impairment and blindness attributable to diabetes from 1990 to 2021.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Lycium barbarum polysaccharide as a retinoprotective agent: A meta-analysis of preclinical evidence from rodent models of retinopathy.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Hyperglycemia-Induced Microglial CTSS Disrupts Blood-Retinal Barrier Integrity via PAR2-Dependent Downregulation of Endothelial MFSD2A.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
2,309 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
37 authors at 20 institutions in 11 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the global prevalence and major risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) among people with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsA pooled analysis using individual participant data from population-based studies around the world was performed. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all population-based studies in general populations or individuals with diabetes who had ascertained DR from retinal photographs. Studies provided data for DR end points, including any DR, proliferative DR, diabetic macular edema, and VTDR, and also major systemic risk factors. Pooled prevalence estimates were directly age-standardized to the 2010 World Diabetes Population aged 20-79 years.
resultsA total of 35 studies (1980-2008) provided data from 22,896 individuals with diabetes. The overall prevalence was 34.6% (95% CI 34.5-34.8) for any DR, 6.96% (6.87-7.04) for proliferative DR, 6.81% (6.74-6.89) for diabetic macular edema, and 10.2% (10.1-10.3) for VTDR. All DR prevalence end points increased with diabetes duration, hemoglobin A(1c), and blood pressure levels and were higher in people with type 1 compared with type 2 diabetes.
conclusionsThere are approximately 93 million people with DR, 17 million with proliferative DR, 21 million with diabetic macular edema, and 28 million with VTDR worldwide. Longer diabetes duration and poorer glycemic and blood pressure control are strongly associated with DR. These data highlight the substantial worldwide public health burden of DR and the importance of modifiable risk factors in its occurrence. This study is limited by data pooled from studies at different time points, with different methodologies and population characteristics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.