ReviewAddiction (Abingdon, England)2012
The co-occurring use and misuse of cannabis and tobacco: a review.
Review in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 283 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
283 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Neuropsychological effects of cannabis use by continent and age: a systematic review.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- The Association Between Chronic Tobacco Smoking and Brain Alterations in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- Associations of cannabis use, tobacco use, and incident anxiety, mood, and psychotic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Psychological medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Multi-ancestry meta-analysis of tobacco use disorder identifies 461 potential risk genes and reveals associations with multiple health outcomes.Nature human behaviour · 2024Pooled it
- Cannabis use and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma: a Mendelian randomization study.Scientific reports · 2023Pooled it
- Common and separable neural alterations in substance use disorders: A coordinate-based meta-analyses of functional neuroimaging studies in humans.Human brain mapping · 2020Pooled it
- Cannabis Use and Nicotine Vaping Cessation Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Anxiety sensitivity reduction-smoking cessation intervention among individuals who engage in dual cigarette and cannabis use: A secondary analysis.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Potential effects of nicotine content in cigarettes on use of other substances.Preventive medicine · 2022Trial
- Sensory gating in tobacco-naïve cannabis users is unaffected by acute nicotine administration.Psychopharmacology · 2022Trial
- Patterns of cigarette, e-cigarette, and cannabis use among adult smokers in primary care 2014-2015.Addictive behaviors · 2020Trial
- Sequential and simultaneous treatment approaches to cannabis use disorder and tobacco use.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2019Trial
- Tobacco use during cannabis cessation: Use patterns and impact on abstinence in a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Trial
- Exploring Associations Between Frequency and Methods of Cannabis Use and Tooth Loss.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2026Article
- Beyond Cigarettes: Cannabis Co-Use, ART Adherence, and Psychosocial Burden Among People With HIV Enrolled in a Smoking Cessation Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2026Article
- The Association Between Sociodemographic Factors and co-Use of Cigars or Cigarillos with Cannabis.Substance use & misuse · 2026Article
- Race/Ethnicity-Based Discrimination and Cigarette Dependence and Abstinence among a Sample of Black and Hispanic/Latine Individuals with HIV Participating in a Randomized Clinical Trial for Smoking Cessation.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Phenome-Wide Associations of Polygenic Scores for Schizophrenia and Major Depression in 100,000 Chinese Adults.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2026Article
- Genome-wide association studies of lifetime and frequency of cannabis use in 131,895 individuals.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
223 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsCannabis and tobacco use and misuse frequently co-occur. This review examines the epidemiological evidence supporting the life-time co-occurrence of cannabis and tobacco use and outlines the mechanisms that link these drugs to each other. Mechanisms include (i) shared genetic factors; (ii) shared environmental influences, including (iii) route of administration (via smoking), (iv) co-administration and (v) models of co-use. We also discuss respiratory harms associated with co-use of cannabis and tobacco, overlapping withdrawal syndromes and outline treatment implications for co-occurring use.
methodsSelective review of published studies.
resultsBoth cannabis and tobacco use and misuse are influenced by genetic factors, and a proportion of these genetic factors influence both cannabis and tobacco use and misuse. Environmental factors such as availability play an important role, with economic models suggesting a complementary relationship where increases in price of one drug decrease the use of the other. Route of administration and smoking cues may contribute to their sustained use. Similar withdrawal syndromes, with many symptoms in common, may have important treatment implications. Emerging evidence suggests that dual abstinence may predict better cessation outcomes, yet empirically researched treatments tailored for co-occurring use are lacking.
conclusionsThere is accumulating evidence that some mechanisms linking cannabis and tobacco use are distinct from those contributing to co-occurring use of drugs in general. There is an urgent need for research to identify the underlying mechanisms and harness their potential etiological implications to tailor treatment options for this serious public health challenge.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.