ArticlePloS one2012
Overtime work as a predictor of major depressive episode: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study.
Article in PloS one, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 195 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychosocial Occupational Exposures and Mental Illness.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2022Pooled it
- Are depressive disorders caused by psychosocial stressors at work? A systematic review with metaanalysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Job strain as a risk factor for clinical depression: systematic review and meta-analysis with additional individual participant data.Psychological medicine · 2017Pooled it
- European Working Time Directive and doctors' health: a systematic review of the available epidemiological evidence.BMJ open · 2014Pooled it
- Long working hours and coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2012Pooled it
- Sleep debt elicits negative emotional reaction through diminished amygdala-anterior cingulate functional connectivity.PloS one · 2013Trial
- Factors of the reproductive life plan for married and employed Japanese women considering having children.BMC women's health · 2026Article
- Association between daily long working hours and actigraphic sleep, vigilance, blood pressure and psychological responses: a 10-day observational study among Japanese daytime workers.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2025Observational
- Injury rates and work-related diseases following workforce reduction among South Korean on-site workers in basic local governments between 2016 and 2018.Annals of occupational and environmental medicine · 2025Article
- Stress and PTSD levels among Hamad Medical Corporation Paramedics before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Qatar medical journal · 2025Article
- Exploring the Perceptions of Construction Workers and Senior Management Towards Mental Wellness Interventions Using Q-Methodology.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Psychological Well-being Interactively Affected by Long Working Hours and Caregiving Activities.Safety and health at work · 2024Article
- The association of long working hours and short sleep duration on mental health among Japanese physicians.Industrial health · 2024Article
- Detection and disclosure of workplace mental health challenges: an exploratory study from India.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Female workers with long working hours are more likely to have depressive symptoms when having family-to-work conflict.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2024Article
- Effects of Peer Victimization in Childhood and Trait Anxiety on Job Stress in Adulthood.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2024Article
- Mental health risk in human services work across Europe: the predictive role of employment in various sectors.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The association of job fatigue with mental disorders among bus drivers.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2023Article
- Impact of long working hours on depressive symptoms among COVID-19 frontline medical staff: The mediation of job burnout and the moderation of family and organizational support.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Status and Determinants of Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression among Food Delivery Drivers in Shanghai, China.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe association between overtime work and depression is still unclear. This study examined the association between overtime work and the onset of a major depressive episode (MDE). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsProspective cohort study with a baseline examination of working hours, psychological morbidity (an indicator of baseline depression) and depression risk factors in 1991-1993 and a follow-up of major depressive episode in 1997-1999 (mean follow-up 5.8 years) among British civil servants (the Whitehall II study; 1626 men, 497 women, mean age 47 years at baseline). Onset of 12-month MDE was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) at follow-up. In prospective analysis of participants with no psychological morbidity at baseline, the odds ratio for a subsequent major depressive episode was 2.43 (95% confidence interval 1.11 to 5.30) times higher for those working 11+ hours a day compared to employees working 7-8 hours a day, when adjusted for socio-demographic factors at baseline. Further adjustment for chronic physical disease, smoking, alcohol use, job strain and work-related social support had little effect on this association (odds ratio 2.52; 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 5.65). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Data from middle-aged civil servants suggest that working long hours of overtime may predispose to major depressive episodes.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.