ReviewNature reviews. Rheumatology2012
HMGB1: a multifunctional alarmin driving autoimmune and inflammatory disease.
Review in Nature reviews. Rheumatology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 388 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
388 citing papers in PubMed, 682 citations in OpenAlex.
- MicroRNA-548 regulates high mobility group box 1 expression in patients with preterm birth and chorioamnionitis.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Exposure Pattern Determines Methamphetamine-Induced Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Vascular Remodeling.Comprehensive Physiology · 2026Article
- Cysteine thiol-to-sulfonate oxidation induces unfolding for the functional switching of the extracellular HMGB1 protein.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Detection of Calpain-Mediated Beclin-1 Cleavage for Drug Discovery in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.Cells · 2026Article
- High mobility group box 1: DAMPening the danger molecule in cardiovascular disease with exercise.Cell stress & chaperones · 2026Review
- RAGE Axis in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of CNS Neurodegeneration in Long-Term Hyperglycemia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Immunobiological mechanisms of action of oncolytic peptides.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Review
- Myeloid cell-specific HMGB1 deficiency exaggerates mucoinflammatory responses but promotes bacterial clearance in mucoinflammatory lung disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Produced by Oral Bacteria in Modulating Oral Immunity.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- An etiopathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the protein-homeostasis-system hypothesis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Pharmacological intervention of the HMGB1-pCTS-L axis to ameliorate inflammatory diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Trigeminal ganglion interferon-γ signaling drives orofacial neuropathic pain in rats.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- HMGB-1 Increases Proinflammatory Reaction via TLR4 in Human Granulosa Cells of Endometriosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Engineering HMGB1-derived Peptides to Unravel Sex-Specific Mechanisms in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2025Article
- Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in diseases: implications for therapy.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Review
- Metformin lotion as a novel approach to prevent tendinopathy induced by mechanical overuse.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Direct interaction of HMGB1 with SARS-CoV-2 facilitates its infection via RAGE-dependent endocytosis.iScience · 2025Article
- Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell-Specific HMGB1 Knockout Reduces Immune Cell Infiltration and Demyelination in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Models.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Article
- HMGB1 as a biomarker for myeloproliferative neoplasm complicated with atherosclerosis.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- KGF-2 Alleviates Dry Eye Disease by Regulating the HMGB1/TLR4 Pathway.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
328 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
HMGB1 is a non-histone nuclear protein that can serve as an alarmin to drive the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune disease. Although primarily located in the cell nucleus, HMGB1 can translocate to the cytoplasm, as well as the extracellular space, during cell activation and cell death; during activation, HMGB1 can undergo post-translational modifications. The activity of HMGB1 varies with the redox states of the cysteine residues, which are required for binding to TLR4. In addition to stimulating cells directly, HMGB1 can form immunostimulatory complexes with cytokines and other endogenous and exogenous factors. In the synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as animal models of this disease, extranuclear expression of HMGB1 is increased and blockade of HMGB1 expression attenuates disease in animal models. In systemic lupus erythematosus, HMGB1 can be a component of immune complexes containing anti-DNA because of its interaction with DNA. In myositis, expression of HMGB1 is enhanced in inflamed muscle and can perturb muscle function. Together, these findings indicate that HMGB1 might be an important mediator and biomarker in rheumatic diseases as well as a target of new therapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.