ArticlePLoS pathogens2012
Identification and in vitro analysis of the GatD/MurT enzyme-complex catalyzing lipid II amidation in Staphylococcus aureus.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-omics analyses of evolvedSynthetic and systems biotechnology · 2026Article
- A c-di-AMP-controlled glutamine synthesis pathway promotes persistence ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Genetic interference of distinctive Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptidoglycan modifications enhances β-lactam susceptibility and reveals expression-sensitive host immune dynamics.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Molecular action of NZ2114, a superior plectasin derivative.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2026Article
- Penicillin-Binding Protein-4 (PBP4) ofMicroorganisms · 2026Review
- Effects of CwlM, a peptidoglycan synthesis regulator, on beta-lactam tolerance and host-pathogen interactions.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Review
- Identification and characterization of archaeal pseudomurein biosynthesis genes through pangenomics.mSystems · 2025Article
- The Dual Mode of Antibacterial Action of the Synthetic Small Molecule DCAP Involves Lipid II Binding.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2024Article
- Article
- Role of the NaHCOMicrobiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Macrolides Decrease the Proinflammatory Activity of Macrolide-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- Article
- CRISPRi-mediated characterization of novel anti-tuberculosis targets: Mycobacterial peptidoglycan modifications promote beta-lactam resistance and intracellular survival.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Amidation of glutamate residues in mycobacterial peptidoglycan is essential for cell wall cross-linking.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Structure Activity Relationship of the Stem Peptide in Sortase A Mediated Ligation from Staphylococcus aureus.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2022Article
- The acquisition of clinically relevant amoxicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae requires ordered horizontal gene transfer of four loci.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- An Interplay of Multiple Positive and Negative Factors Governs Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2022Review
- Structure-based modeling and dynamics of MurM, a Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance determinant present at the cytoplasmic membrane.Structure (London, England : 1993) · 2021Article
- β-Lactams against the Fortress of the Gram-PositiveChemical reviews · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus is characterized by a high degree of crosslinking and almost completely lacks free carboxyl groups, due to amidation of the D-glutamic acid in the stem peptide. Amidation of peptidoglycan has been proposed to play a decisive role in polymerization of cell wall building blocks, correlating with the crosslinking of neighboring peptidoglycan stem peptides. Mutants with a reduced degree of amidation are less viable and show increased susceptibility to methicillin. We identified the enzymes catalyzing the formation of D-glutamine in position 2 of the stem peptide. We provide biochemical evidence that the reaction is catalyzed by a glutamine amidotransferase-like protein and a Mur ligase homologue, encoded by SA1707 and SA1708, respectively. Both proteins, for which we propose the designation GatD and MurT, are required for amidation and appear to form a physically stable bi-enzyme complex. To investigate the reaction in vitro we purified recombinant GatD and MurT His-tag fusion proteins and their potential substrates, i.e. UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide, as well as the membrane-bound cell wall precursors lipid I, lipid II and lipid II-Gly₅. In vitro amidation occurred with all bactoprenol-bound intermediates, suggesting that in vivo lipid II and/or lipid II-Gly₅ may be substrates for GatD/MurT. Inactivation of the GatD active site abolished lipid II amidation. Both, murT and gatD are organized in an operon and are essential genes of S. aureus. BLAST analysis revealed the presence of homologous transcriptional units in a number of gram-positive pathogens, e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumonia and Clostridium perfringens, all known to have a D-iso-glutamine containing PG. A less negatively charged PG reduces susceptibility towards defensins and may play a general role in innate immune signaling.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.