ArticleNature medicine2012
Preexisting influenza-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans.
Article in Nature medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02933723 (Comparison of Immunogenicity of Adjuvanted and Non-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination in a Long-Term Care Population), which is not on this map. Cited by 668 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comparison of Immunogenicity of Adjuvanted and Non-Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination in a Long-Term Care Population
Who cites it
668 citing papers in PubMed, 1,001 citations in OpenAlex.
- Superior antibody and membrane protein-specific T-cell responses to CoronaVac by intradermal versus intramuscular routes in adolescents.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2024Trial
- Strong CD4+ T-Cell Responses to Ancestral and Variant Spike Proteins Are Established by NVX-CoV2373 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Primary Vaccination.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell therapy for severe COVID-19: a randomized phase 1/2 trial.Nature medicine · 2023Trial
- Intranasal M2SR (M2-Deficient Single Replication) H3N2 Influenza Vaccine Provides Enhanced Mucosal and Serum Antibodies in Adults.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Phase 1 Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalating Study to Evaluate OVX836, a Nucleoprotein-Based Influenza Vaccine: Intramuscular Results.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Randomized, Double-Blind, Reference-Controlled, Phase 2a Study Evaluating the Immunogenicity and Safety of OVX836, A Nucleoprotein-Based Influenza Vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Induction of Cross-Reactive Hemagglutination Inhibiting Antibody and Polyfunctional CD4+ T-Cell Responses by a Recombinant Matrix-M-Adjuvanted Hemagglutinin Nanoparticle Influenza Vaccine.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Trial
- Innate-like Gene Expression of Lung-Resident Memory CD8American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2021Trial
- Using interpretable machine learning models to predict the occurrence of severe influenza in hospitalized children: a retrospective cohort study.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Pre-existing and cross-reactive immunity to avian influenza H5N1 in humans: Implications for pandemic risk and vaccine strategies.The Journal of infection · 2026Review
- Article
- Influenza.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic CD4Parasite immunology · 2026Article
- Innate immune responsiveness predicts enhanced cellular immunity and symptomatic disease after controlled human influenza infection.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Cross-reactive antibody and T-cell responses after influenza virus infection in community-dwelling older adults.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- CD4Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- T-cell-mediated immunity to influenza A (H2N3): implications for caccine efficacy and cross-subtype protection.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- A TRAC-478-adjuvanted recombinant N1 neuraminidase influenza virus vaccine induces balanced and broadly protective immune responses.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Abortive infection: T cells as early, antibody-independent defenders.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Article
608 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Protective immunity against influenza virus infection is mediated by neutralizing antibodies, but the precise role of T cells in human influenza immunity is uncertain. We conducted influenza infection studies in healthy volunteers with no detectable antibodies to the challenge viruses H3N2 or H1N1. We mapped T cell responses to influenza before and during infection. We found a large increase in influenza-specific T cell responses by day 7, when virus was completely cleared from nasal samples and serum antibodies were still undetectable. Preexisting CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells responding to influenza internal proteins were associated with lower virus shedding and less severe illness. These CD4+ cells also responded to pandemic H1N1 (A/CA/07/2009) peptides and showed evidence of cytotoxic activity. These cells are an important statistical correlate of homotypic and heterotypic response and may limit severity of influenza infection by new strains in the absence of specific antibody responses. Our results provide information that may aid the design of future vaccines against emerging influenza strains.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.