ArticleParasites & vectors2012
Prevalence and risk factors for Giardia duodenalis infection among children: a case study in Portugal.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- A 'One Health' perspective of Africa-wide distribution and prevalence of Giardia species in humans, animals and waterbodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasitology · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- Assessment of the burden of Giardia infection and its associated risk factors among children resident in internally displaced persons camps in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional study.International health · 2025Article
- Giardiasis in pediatric populations: A case series highlighting nutritional and growth impacts.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence and intensity of intestinal and soil-transmitted helminths infection among children in internally displaced camps in Mogadishu Somalia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Coproantigen detection and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium species among newborn and adult farm animals.AMB Express · 2025Article
- Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Ghana: A Review of Infections and the Risk of Zoonotic Transmission.BioMed research international · 2025Review
- A scoping review of modifiable and behavioural drivers of infectious gastroenteritis among children in high-income countries.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- Anti-Cryptosporidium oocysts polyclonal antibodies for cryptosporidiosis diagnosis and protection.AMB Express · 2023Article
- Genotyping and epidemiological distribution of diarrhea-causing isolates of Giardia duodenalis in southeastern part of West Bengal, India.Parasitology research · 2023Article
- Analysis ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Individual and Community-Level Risk Factors for Giardiasis in Children under Five Years of Age in Pakistan: A Prospective Multi-Regional Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Detection and Molecular Characterization ofAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Role of anti-Giardia recombinant cyst wall protein IgG polyclonal antibodies in diagnosis and protection.AMB Express · 2022Article
- Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Endoparasites among Under-Five Children in Debre Tabor Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Debre Tabor, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of parasitology research · 2022Article
- Development and Preliminary Application of a Triplex Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assay for the Simultaneous Detection ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Article
- Intestinal protozoa in hospitalized under-five children with diarrhoea in Nampula - a cross-sectional analysis in a low-income setting in northern Mozambique.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- The controversies surroundingCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundGiardia duodenalis is a widespread parasite of mammalian species, including humans. The prevalence of this parasite in children residing in Portugal is currently unknown. This study intended to estimate G. duodenalis infection prevalence and identify possible associated risk factors in a healthy paediatric population living in the District of the Portuguese capital, Lisbon.
methodsBetween February 2002 and October 2008, 844 children were randomly selected at healthcare centres while attending the national vaccination program. A stool sample and a questionnaire with socio-demographic data were collected from each child. Giardia infection was diagnosed by direct examination of stools and antigen detection by ELISA.
resultsThe population studied revealed a gender distribution of 52.8% male and 47.2% female. Age distribution was 47.4% between 0-5 years and 52.6% between 6-15 years.The prevalence of Giardia infection was 1.9% (16/844) when estimated by direct examination and increased to 6.8% (57/844) when ELISA results were added. The prevalence was higher among children aged 0-5 years (7.8%), than among older children (5.8%), and was similar among genders (6.9% in boys and 6.5% in girls). The following population-variables were shown to be associated risk factors for G. duodenalis infection: mother's educational level (odds ratio (OR)= 4.49; confidence interval (CI): 1.20-16.84), father's educational level (OR = 12.26; CI: 4.08-36.82), presence of Helicobacter pylori infection (OR = 1.82; CI: 1.05-3.15), living in houses with own drainage system (OR = 0.10; CI: 0.02-0.64) and reported household pet contact, especially with dogs (OR = 0.53; CI: 0.31-0.93).
conclusionThe prevalence of giardiasis in asymptomatic children residing in the region of Lisbon is high. Several risk factors were associated with Giardia prevalence and highlight the importance of parents' education and sanitation conditions in the children's well being. The association between G. duodenalis and H. pylori seems an important issue deserving further investigation in order to promote prevention or treatment strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.