ArticleJournal of carcinogenesis2011
Hormones and prostate carcinogenesis: Androgens and estrogens.
Article in Journal of carcinogenesis, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative Digital Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα) Expression Analysis in Benign and Malignant Prostate Tissue of Men and Dogs.The Prostate · 2026Article
- From pituitary cells to prostate gland in health and disease: direct and indirect endocrine connections.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2025Review
- The Impact of Diet and Nutrition on Prostate Cancer - Food for Thought?Current oncology reports · 2025Review
- Investigating the Relationship between Cadmium Exposure and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Review
- Molecular Similarities and Differences between Canine Prostate Cancer and Human Prostate Cancer Variants.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Effectiveness of anabolic steroids in improving outcomes for post-operative hip fracture patients: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma · 2022Article
- Urinary oestrogen steroidome as an indicator of the risk of localised prostate cancer progression.British journal of cancer · 2021Article
- Proteoglycans in the Pathogenesis of Hormone-Dependent Cancers: Mediators and Effectors.Cancers · 2020Review
- A Systematic Study of the Impact of Estrogens and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators on Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Psychosocial Stress, Glucocorticoid Signaling, and Prostate Cancer Health Disparities in African American Men.Cancer health disparities · 2020Article
- Bisphenols Threaten Male Reproductive Health via Testicular Cells.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Review
- Dysregulated gene expression predicts tumor aggressiveness in African-American prostate cancer patients.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Reproductive drugs and environmental contamination: quantum, impact assessment and control strategies.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2018Review
- Obesity and metabolic dysfunction severely influence prostate cell function: role of insulin and IGF1.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2017Article
- Low Testosterone Alters the Activity of Mouse Prostate Stem Cells.The Prostate · 2017Article
- Molecular mechanisms involving prostate cancer racial disparity.American journal of clinical and experimental urology · 2017Review
- Screening the key microRNAs and transcription factors in prostate cancer based on microRNA functional synergistic relationships.Medicine · 2017Article
- Androgen receptor CAG polymorphism and sporadic and early-onset prostate cancer among Mexican men.Journal of human genetics · 2016Article
- A Perspective on Prostate Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention.Current pharmacology reports · 2015Article
- Melanoma of non-sun exposed skin in a man with previous prostate cancer: recognition of a recently confirmed association.Dermatology and therapy · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the leading non-skin malignancy detected in US males and the second cause of death due to male cancer in the US. Androgenic hormones are generally believed to be causatively associated with prostate carcinogenesis, but human evidence, mostly epidemiological, for this is minimal. Circulating hormone levels are not associated with the risk of prostate cancer and neither are polymorphisms in various genes encoding the androgen metabolizing enzymes or androgen receptors. Evidence in support of the involvement of androgens in prostate cancer development is derived from clinical trials with 5α-reductase inhibitors, which reduced the risk by approximately 25%. Animal studies using rat models, however, provide clear evidence that testosterone can induce prostate cancer and can act as a strong tumor promoter in concert with genotoxic carcinogens. One such genotoxic factor may be 17β-estradiol, which is generated from testosterone by the aromatase enzyme. Estradiol can be converted to catecholestrogens, which through redox cycling, generate reactive metabolites that can adduct the DNA and potentially lead to mutations. Animal studies and limited human evidence suggest that estrogens can be involved in prostate carcinogenesis by such a genotoxic mechanism. However, how androgens exert their tumor-promoting effect is not clear. It is likely that hormonal and non-hormonal factors as well as genetic and non-genetic (environmental) factors interact in a highly complex and poorly understood manner to determine the risk of prostate cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.