ArticleHarm reduction journal2012
Sex work involvement among women with long-term opioid injection drug dependence who enter opioid agonist treatment.
Article in Harm reduction journal, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00175357 (North American Opiate Medication Initiative), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
North American Opiate Medication Initiative (NAOMI): Multi-Centre, Randomized Controlled Trial of Heroin-Assisted Therapy for Treatment-Refractory Injection Opiate Users
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Men's and women's response to treatment and perceptions of outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of injectable opioid assisted treatment for severe opioid use disorder.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2017Trial
- Mental health and substance use among women frequenting high-risk venues in Haiphong, Vietnam: findings from an adapted PLACE survey.The International journal on drug policy · 2026Article
- The impact of opioid agonist treatment on the incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted infection notifications among people with a history of opioid dependence in New South Wales, Australia: A retrospective data linkage study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Characteristics of Drug-Related Deaths Among Individuals Engaged in Sex Work in the United Kingdom, 1997-2023.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Community-administered naloxone for overdose reversal: The role of sex worker-led programming and occupational violence in a community-based cohort (2018-2024).The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Implementing and documenting cultural adaption of evidence-based practice strategies to reduce opioid overdose deaths: examples and lessons from the HEALing communities study.Discover public health · 2025Article
- Gender differences in physical morbidity in opioid agonist treatment patients: population-based cohort studies from the Czech Republic and Norway.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2023Article
- Implementing buprenorphine prolonged-release injection using a health at the margins approach for transactional sex-workers.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- The Methadone Manifesto: Treatment Experiences and Policy Recommendations From Methadone Patient Activists.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Miscarriage and Abortion Among Women Attending Harm Reduction Services in Philadelphia: Correlations With Individual, Interpersonal, and Structural Factors.Substance use & misuse · 2022Article
- Income generation and the patterning of substance use: A gender-based analysis.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Article
- The Opioid-overdose Reduction Continuum of Care Approach (ORCCA): Evidence-based practices in the HEALing Communities Study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Survival Sex Trading in Los Angeles County, California, USA.Journal of sex research · 2020Article
- Police-related barriers to harm reduction linked to non-fatal overdose amongst sex workers who use drugs: Results of a community-based cohort in Metro Vancouver, Canada.The International journal on drug policy · 2020Article
- Challenges on the road to recovery: Exploring attitudes and experiences of clients in a community-based buprenorphine program in Baltimore City.Addictive behaviors · 2019Article
- An Examination of Women Ex-Offenders With Methadone Histories.International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology · 2017Article
- Identifying possible reasons why female street sex workers have poor drug treatment outcomes: a qualitative study.BMJ open · 2017Article
- Reducing stigma in healthcare and law enforcement: a novel approach to service provision for street level sex workers.International journal for equity in health · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSubstitution with opioid-agonists (e.g., methadone) has shown to be an effective treatment for chronic long-term opioid dependency. Survival sex work, very common among injection drug users, has been associated with poor Opioid Agonist Treatment (OAT) engagement, retention and response. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine factors associated with engaging in sex work among long-term opioid dependent women receiving OAT.
methodsData from a randomized controlled trial, the North American Opiate Medication Initiative (NAOMI), conducted in Vancouver and Montreal (Canada) between 2005-2008, was analyzed. The NAOMI study compared the effectiveness of oral methadone to injectable diacetylmorphine or injectable hydromorphone, the last two on a double blind basis, over 12 months. A research team, independent of the clinic services, obtained outcome evaluations at baseline and follow-up (3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months).
resultsA total 53.6% of women reported engaging in sex work in at least one of the research visits. At treatment initiation, women who were younger and had fewer years of education were more likely to be engaged in sex work. The multivariate logistic generalized estimating equation regression analysis determined that psychological symptoms, and high illicit heroin and cocaine use correlated with women's involvement in sex work during the study period.
conclusionsAfter entering OAT, women using injection drugs and engaging in sex work represent a particularly vulnerable group showing poorer psychological health and a higher use of heroin and cocaine compared to women not engaging in sex work. These factors must be taken into consideration in the planning and provision of OAT in order to improve treatment outcomes.
trial registrationNCT00175357.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.