ArticleIntensive care medicine2012
In vivo conditioning of acid-base equilibrium by crystalloid solutions: an experimental study on pigs.
Article in Intensive care medicine, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Plasma Bicarbonate as a Determinant of Fluid-Induced Acid-Base Changes in Postoperative Critically Ill Patients: A Retrospective Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Fluid-induced acid-base variations in postoperative critically ill patients: physiological determinants and renal response.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Stewart's theory and acid-base changes induced by crystalloid infusion in humans: a randomized physiological trial.Annals of intensive care · 2025Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid and arterial acid-base equilibria in spontaneously breathing third-trimester pregnant women.British journal of anaesthesia · 2022Article
- Intravenous fluid therapy in patients with severe acute pancreatitis admitted to the intensive care unit: a narrative review.Annals of intensive care · 2022Review
- Role of Fluid and Sodium Retention in Experimental Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Article
- Fluid therapy in mechanically ventilated critically ill children: the sodium, chloride and water burden of fluid creep.BMC pediatrics · 2020Article
- Intravenous fluid therapy in the perioperative and critical care setting: Executive summary of the International Fluid Academy (IFA).Annals of intensive care · 2020Review
- The Impact of Intravenous Fluid Therapy on Acid-Base Status of Critically Ill Adults: A Stewart Approach-Based Perspective.International journal of nephrology and renovascular disease · 2020Review
- Crystalloid fluid choice in the critically ill : Current knowledge and critical appraisal.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2018Review
- Effect of Intravenously Administered Crystalloid Solutions on Acid-Base Balance in Domestic Animals.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2017Review
- Hemodynamic consequences of severe lactic acidosis in shock states: from bench to bedside.Critical care (London, England) · 2015Article
- Causes of death after fluid bolus resuscitation: new insights from FEAST.BMC medicine · 2013Article
- Year in review in Intensive Care Medicine 2012: I. Neurology and neurointensive care, epidemiology and nephrology, biomarkers and inflammation, nutrition, experimentals.Intensive care medicine · 2013Article
- Supporting hemodynamics: what should we target? What treatments should we use?Critical care (London, England) · 2013Review
- Effects of an Iso-Osmotic Chloride-Free Solution With High Strong Ion Difference vs. Ringer's Lactate on Non-Lactate Metabolic Acidosis in Dogs.Journal of veterinary internal medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeLarge infusion of crystalloids may induce acid-base alterations according to their strong ion difference ([SID]). We wanted to prove in vivo, at constant PCO(2), that if the [SID] of the infused crystalloid is equal to baseline plasma bicarbonate, the arterial pH remains unchanged, if lower it decreases, and if higher it increases.
methodsIn 12 pigs, anesthetized and mechanically ventilated at PCO(2) ≈40 mmHg, 2.2 l of crystalloids with a [SID] similar to (lactated Ringer's 28.3 mEq/l), lower than (normal saline 0 mEq/l), and greater than (rehydrating III 55 mEq/l) baseline bicarbonate (29.22 ± 2.72 mEq/l) were infused for 120 min in randomized sequence. Four hours of wash-out were allowed between the infusions. Every 30 min up to minute 120 we measured blood gases, plasma electrolytes, urinary volume, pH, and electrolytes. Albumin, hemoglobin, and phosphates were measured at time 0 and 120 min.
resultsLactated Ringer's maintained arterial pH unchanged (from 7.47 ± 0.06 to 7.47 ± 0.03) despite a plasma dilution around 12%. Normal saline caused a reduction in pH (from 7.49 ± 0.03 to 7.42 ± 0.04) and rehydrating III induced an increase in pH (from 7.46 ± 0.05 to 7.49 ± 0.04). The kidney reacted to the infusion, minimizing the acid-base alterations, by increasing/decreasing the urinary anion gap, primarily by changing sodium and chloride concentrations. Lower urine volume after normal saline infusion was possibly due to its greater osmolarity and chloride concentration as compared to the other solutions.
conclusionsResults support the hypothesis that at constant PCO(2), pH changes are predictable from the difference between the [SID] of the infused solution and baseline plasma bicarbonate concentration.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.