ArticleAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy2012
Significant reduction of brain cysts caused by Toxoplasma gondii after treatment with spiramycin coadministered with metronidazole in a mouse model of chronic toxoplasmosis.
Article in Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of variation in Toxoplasma gondii cyst burden in the murine model.Experimental parasitology · 2019Pooled it
- Activities of anti-Toxoplasma drugs and compounds against tissue cysts in the last three decades (1987 to 2017), a systematic review.Parasitology research · 2018Pooled it
- Toxoplasmosis: Epidemiological Significance, Economic Burden, and Emerging Directions in Drug Discovery and Artificial Intelligence.International journal of microbiology · 2026Review
- Co-delivery of spiramycin and curcumin nanoemulsions for treating acute (RH strain) and chronic (Tehran strain) toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice.Parasitology research · 2025Article
- Therapeutic Effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) Extract Using Nanotechnology on Murine Chronic Toxoplasmosis.Acta parasitologica · 2025Article
- Transient Adaptation ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- MicroRNA mmu-miR-511-5p: A promising Diagnostic Biomarker in Experimental Toxoplasmosis Using Different Strains and Infective Doses in Mice with Different Immune States Before and After Treatment.Acta parasitologica · 2024Article
- First Description of Marinoquinoline Derivatives' Activity againstPharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Urtica dioica Extract Leads to Cyst Reduction, Enhanced Cell-Mediated Immune Response, and Antioxidant Activity in Experimental Toxoplasmosis.Acta parasitologica · 2023Article
- The apicoplast is important for the viability and persistence ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Spiramycin DisarmsAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Wheat Germ Oil and Propolis Decrease Parasite Burden and Restore Marked Histopathological Changes in Liver and Lung in Mice with Chronic Toxoplasmosis.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- The powerful synergistic effect of spiramycin/propolis loaded chitosan/alginate nanoparticles on acute murine toxoplasmosis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Remarkable histopathological improvement of experimental toxoplasmosis after receiving spiramycin-chitosan nanoparticles formulation.Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2022Article
- Effect of spiramycin versus aminoguanidine and their combined use in experimental toxoplasmosis.Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2021Article
- Increased Bioavailability of β-Alanine by a Novel Controlled-Release Powder Blend Compared to a Slow-Release Tablet.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Interplay between Non-Coding RNA Transcription, Stringent/Relaxed Phenotype and Antibiotic Production inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Rosuvastatin revert memory impairment and anxiogenic-like effect in mice infected with the chronic ME-49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii.PloS one · 2021Article
- Effect of nitazoxanide and spiramycin metronidazole combination in acute experimental toxoplasmosis.Heliyon · 2020Article
- Previous Infection with Plasmodium berghei Confers Resistance to Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice.The Korean journal of parasitology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that generates latent cysts in the brain; reactivation of these cysts may lead to fatal toxoplasmic encephalitis, for which treatment remains unsuccessful. We assessed spiramycin pharmacokinetics coadministered with metronidazole, the eradication of brain cysts and the in vitro reactivation. Male BALB/c mice were fed 1,000 tachyzoites orally to develop chronic toxoplasmosis. Four weeks later, infected mice underwent different treatments: (i) infected untreated mice (n = 9), which received vehicle only; (ii) a spiramycin-only group (n = 9), 400 mg/kg daily for 7 days; (iii) a metronidazole-only group (n = 9), 500 mg/kg daily for 7 days; and (iv) a combination group (n = 9), which received both spiramycin (400 mg/kg) and metronidazole (500 mg/kg) daily for 7 days. An uninfected control group (n = 10) was administered vehicle only. After treatment, the brain cysts were counted, brain homogenates were cultured in confluent Vero cells, and cysts and tachyzoites were counted after 1 week. Separately, pharmacokinetic profiles (plasma and brain) were assessed after a single dose of spiramycin (400 mg/kg), metronidazole (500 mg/kg), or both. Metronidazole treatment increased the brain spiramycin area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to ∞ (AUC(0-∞)) by 67% without affecting its plasma disposition. Metronidazole plasma and brain AUC(0-∞) values were reduced 9 and 62%, respectively, after spiramycin coadministration. Enhanced spiramycin brain exposure after coadministration reduced brain cysts 15-fold (79 ± 23 for the combination treatment versus 1,198 ± 153 for the untreated control group [P < 0.05]) and 10-fold versus the spiramycin-only group (768 ± 125). Metronidazole alone showed no effect (1,028 ± 149). Tachyzoites were absent in the brain. Spiramycin reduced in vitro reactivation. Metronidazole increased spiramycin brain penetration, causing a significant reduction of T. gondii brain cysts, with potential clinical translatability for chronic toxoplasmosis treatment.
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