ArticleBMC ophthalmology2012
The improving outcomes in intermittent exotropia study: outcomes at 2 years after diagnosis in an observational cohort.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Esotropia and Exotropia Preferred Practice Pattern®.Ophthalmology · 2023Guideline
- Three-year observation of children 12 to 35 months old with untreated intermittent exotropia.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2020Trial
- Three-Year Observation of Children 3 to 10 Years of Age with Untreated Intermittent Exotropia.Ophthalmology · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Binocular Vision Anomalies in Scotland at Age 3.5-5.5 Years: An Epidemiological Study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Mean Apparent Propagator MRI: A Potential Imaging Biomarker of Brain Microstructural Alterations in Basic-Type Intermittent Exotropia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- A bibliometric analysis of publication trends in strabismus over the past 30y.International journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- A Bibliometric Analysis of Strabismus Research Literature : Strabismus Research Trends.Galen medical journal · 2025Review
- Comitant strabismus etiology: extraocular muscle integrity and central nervous system involvement-a narrative review.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Review
- Ambulatory Monitoring With Eye Tracking Glasses to Assess the Severity of Intermittent Exotropia.American journal of ophthalmology · 2023Observational
- Article
- Comparison of surgery versus observation for small angle intermittent exotropia.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- The difference of surgical outcomes between manifest exotropia and esotropia.International ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Comparison of bilateral/unilateral lateral rectus recession and unilateral recession-resection for intermittent exotropia: a Meta-analysis.International journal of ophthalmology · 2018Article
- The Effect of Preoperative Occlusion Therapy on Long-term Outcome after Surgery for Early-onset Exotropia.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2017Article
- [Use of botulinum toxin in strabismus].Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft · 2016Review
- Hyperopic refractive errors as a prognostic factor in intermittent exotropia surgery.Eye (London, England) · 2015Article
- Is intermittent exotropia a curable condition?Eye (London, England) · 2015Article
- Effect of suppression during tropia and phoria on phoria maintenance in intermittent exotropia.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2013Article
- Non-surgical Management Options of Intermittent Exotropia: A Literature Review.Journal of current ophthalmologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate current patterns of management and outcomes of intermittent distance exotropia [X(T)] in the UK.
methodsThis was an observational cohort study which recruited 460 children aged < 12 years with previously untreated X(T). Eligible subjects were enrolled from 26 UK hospital ophthalmology clinics between May 2005 and December 2006. Over a 2-year period of follow-up, clinical data were prospectively recorded at standard intervals from enrolment. Data collected included angle, near stereoacuity, visual acuity, control of X(T) measured with the Newcastle Control Score (NCS), and treatment. The main outcome measures were change in clinical outcomes (angle, stereoacuity, visual acuity and NCS) in treated and untreated X(T), 2 years from enrolment (or, where applicable, 6 months after surgery). Change over time was tested using the chi-square test for categorical, Wilcoxon test for non-parametric and paired-samples t-test for parametric data.
resultsAt follow-up, data were available for 371 children (81% of the original cohort). Of these: 53% (195) had no treatment; 17% (63) had treatment for reduced visual acuity only (pure refractive error and amblyopia); 13% (50) had non surgical treatment for control (spectacle lenses, occlusion, prisms, exercises) and 17% (63) had surgery. Only 0.5% (2/371) children developed constant exotropia. The surgically treated group was the only group with clinically significant improvements in angle or NCS. However, 8% (5) of those treated surgically required second procedures for overcorrection within 6 months of the initial procedure and at 6-month follow-up 21% (13) were overcorrected.
conclusionsMany children in the UK with X(T) receive active monitoring only. Deterioration to constant exotropia, with or without treatment, is rare. Surgery appears effective in improving angle of X(T) and NCS, but rates of overcorrection are high.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.