Trial reportSexually transmitted diseases2011
The incidence and correlates of symptomatic and asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in selected populations in five countries.
Trial report in Sexually transmitted diseases, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 221 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology ofBMJ global health · 2026Pooled it
- Recommendation on screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea in primary care for individuals not known to be at high risk.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2021Guideline
- Diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in resource-constrained settings: challenges and ways forward.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2019Pooled it
- The vaginal microbiota and its association with human papillomavirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Burden of Chlamydia trachomatis in India: a systematic literature review.Pathogens and disease · 2017Pooled it
- Duplex, extraction-free, HiFi-LAMP assay for point-of-care detection ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Increased Diversity and Introduction of Multidrug-Resistant Strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Following Cessation of COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Travel Restrictions: An Observational Genomic Epidemiologic Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- CD8iScience · 2026Article
- The Mucosal Cytokine Landscape of Acute Gonorrhea Using a Controlled Human Infection Model.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Chlamydia trachomatis-specific T Cell Immunity Reflects Widespread Exposure in South African Adolescents and Young Women.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence of chlamydial, gonococcal and syphilis positivity by anatomical site and sex via self-collected biospecimens using at-home testing kits among a large and diverse cohort of men and women enrolled in the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS) in the USA.Sexually transmitted infections · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Infections in Genital and Extragenital Samples Among Men and Women.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2025Article
- Uptake, positivity, and equity of online postal self-sampling for chlamydia testing in England: a retrospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- Self-collected penile-meatal swabs are suitable for the detection of STIs in Ugandan men with high rates of STI coinfections.Sexually transmitted infections · 2025Article
- Doxycycline pre-exposure prophylaxis prevents sexually transmitted infections without affecting vaginal bacterial flora in female sex workers.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Review
- EnhancedOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Performance Evaluation of the LabGenius C-CT/NG-BMX Assay forAnnals of laboratory medicine · 2025Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAsymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea) infections pose diagnostic and control problems in developing countries.
methodsParticipants in China, India, Peru, Russia, and Zimbabwe were screened for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae infections and symptoms.
resultsA total of 18,014 participants were evaluated at baseline, 15,054 at 12 months, and 14,243 at 24 months. The incidence of chlamydia in men was 2.0 per 100 person years both from baseline to 12 months and from 12 to 24 months, and in women, 4.6 from baseline to 12 months and 3.6 from 12 to 24 months; a range of 31.2% to 100% reported no symptoms across the 5 countries. The incidence of gonorrhea in men was 0.3 per 100 person years both from baseline to 12 months and from 12 to 24 months, and in women, 1.4 from baseline to 12 months and 1.1 from 12 to 24 months; a range of 66.7% to 100% reported no symptoms. Being female, aged 18 to 24 years, and having more than 1 partner were associated with both the infections. In addition, being divorced, separated, or widowed was associated with gonorrhea. Being male, having 6+ years of education, and reporting only 1 partner were associated with having no symptoms among those infected with chlamydia. No variables correlated with asymptomatic gonorrhea among those infected.
conclusionA high prevalence and incidence of asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections was identified among men and women in a wide variety of settings. More effective programs are needed to identify and treat chlamydia and gonorrhea infections, especially among women, young adults, those with multiple partners, those repeatedly infected, and particularly those at risk without symptoms. The risk of transmission from persons with no symptoms requires further study.
Indexed as
Identifiers
22256336PMC3408314W2062428121What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.