ArticlePLoS genetics2011
DNA methylation of the gonadal aromatase (cyp19a) promoter is involved in temperature-dependent sex ratio shifts in the European sea bass.
Article in PLoS genetics, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 165 papers.
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165 citing papers in PubMed, 549 citations in OpenAlex.
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- No evidence of evolutionary impact from size-selective harvesting on epigenetic and reproductive molecular markers in zebrafish (Danio rerio) gonads.Journal of fish biology · 2025Article
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- Multigenerational temperature effects on paternal epigenetic inheritance in European sea bass.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2025Article
- The genome of the Australian water dragon (Intellagama lesueurii), an agamid model for urban adaptation.The Journal of heredity · 2025Article
- Complex Sex Determination in the Grey MulletAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Transcriptome analysis of glyptosternum maculatum (sisoridae: siluriformes) provided insights into sexual dimorphism, Xizang, China.Fish physiology and biochemistry · 2025Article
- Seasonal transcriptome profile across three different tissues of the Andean Killifish Orestias ascotanensis.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Identification of sex-biased MiRNA markers informative of heat-past events.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Effects of Treatment with a DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor 5-aza-dC on Sex Differentiation in Medaka (International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Abnormal H3K27me3 underlies degenerative spermatogonial stem cells in cryptorchid testis.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- Understanding Genetic Regulation of Sex Differentiation in Hermaphroditic Fish.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
105 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Sex ratio shifts in response to temperature are common in fish and reptiles. However, the mechanism linking temperature during early development and sex ratios has remained elusive. We show in the European sea bass (sb), a fish in which temperature effects on sex ratios are maximal before the gonads form, that juvenile males have double the DNA methylation levels of females in the promoter of gonadal aromatase (cyp19a), the enzyme that converts androgens into estrogens. Exposure to high temperature increased the cyp19a promoter methylation levels of females, indicating that induced-masculinization involves DNA methylation-mediated control of aromatase gene expression, with an observed inverse relationship between methylation levels and expression. Although different CpGs within the sb cyp19a promoter exhibited different sensitivity to temperature, we show that the increased methylation of the sb cyp19a promoter, which occurs in the gonads but not in the brain, is not a generalized effect of temperature. Importantly, these effects were also observed in sexually undifferentiated fish and were not altered by estrogen treatment. Thus, methylation of the sb cyp19a promoter is the cause of the lower expression of cyp19a in temperature-masculinized fish. In vitro, induced methylation of the sb cyp19a promoter suppressed the ability of SF-1 and Foxl2 to stimulate transcription. Finally, a CpG differentially methylated by temperature and adjacent to a Sox transcription factor binding site is conserved across species. Thus, DNA methylation of the aromatase promoter may be an essential component of the long-sought-after mechanism connecting environmental temperature and sex ratios in vertebrate species with temperature-dependent sex determination.
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