ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2012
IL-21 promotes the pathologic immune response to pneumovirus infection.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Chronic IL-21 exposure reshapes pulmonary environment, elevating risk of respiratory diseases.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Article
- Acute Exposure to Aerosolized Nanoplastics Modulates Redox-Linked Immune Responses in Human Airway Epithelium.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- IL-21/IL-21R Promotes the Pro-Inflammatory Effects of Macrophages duringInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- IL-21/IL-21R Regulates the Neutrophil-Mediated Pathologic Immune Response during Chlamydial Respiratory Infection.Mediators of inflammation · 2022Article
- MicroRNA-30b Is Both Necessary and Sufficient for Interleukin-21 Receptor-Mediated Angiogenesis in Experimental Peripheral Arterial Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Cytokine Biosignature of Active and Latent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in Children.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Case Report: IL-21 and Bcl-6 Regulate the Proliferation and Secretion of Tfh and Tfr Cells in the Intestinal Germinal Center of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2020Article
- Interleukin-21 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese patients.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2019Article
- IL-21/type I interferon interplay regulates neutrophil-dependent innate immune responses toeLife · 2019Article
- IL-21 promotes myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury through the modulation of neutrophil infiltration.British journal of pharmacology · 2018Article
- Epitope mapping and kinetics of CD4 T cell immunity to pneumonia virus of mice in the C57BL/6 strain.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- [Research advances in the role of interleukin-21 in chronic hepatitis B virus infection].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2016Review
- TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL THERAPEUTICS FOR PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE.Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association · 2016Review
- IL-21 Promotes Pulmonary Fibrosis through the Induction of Profibrotic CD8+ T Cells.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2015Article
- IL-21-mediated non-canonical pathway for IL-1β production in conventional dendritic cells.Nature communications · 2015Article
- Loss of interleukin-21 receptor activation in hypoxic endothelial cells impairs perfusion recovery after hindlimb ischemia.Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology · 2015Article
- Microdevices for examining immunological responses of single cells to HIV.Bioscience reports · 2014Review
- Article
- Interleukin-21: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2014Review
- T cell-derived interleukin (IL)-21 promotes brain injury following stroke in mice.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
IL-21 is a cytokine with pleiotropic actions, promoting terminal differentiation of B cells, increased Ig production, and the development of Th17 and T follicular helper cells. IL-21 is also implicated in the development of autoimmune disease and has antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-21 in host defense to pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), which initiates an infection in mice resembling that of respiratory syncytial virus disease in humans. We found that PVM-infected mice expressed IL-21 in lung CD4(+) T cells. Following infection, Il21r(-/-) mice exhibited less lung infiltration by neutrophils than did wild-type (WT) mice and correspondingly had lower levels of the chemokine CXCL1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung parenchyma. CD8(+), CD4(+), and γδ T cell numbers were also lower in the lungs of PVM-infected Il21r(-/-) mice than in infected WT mice, with normal Th17 cytokines but diminished IL-6 production in PVM-infected Il21r(-/-) mice. Strikingly, Il21r(-/-) mice had enhanced survival following PVM infection, and moreover, treatment of WT mice with soluble IL-21R-Fc fusion protein enhanced their survival. These data reveal that IL-21 promotes the pathogenic inflammatory effect of PVM and indicate that manipulating IL-21 signaling may represent an immunomodulatory strategy for controlling PVM and potentially other respiratory virus infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.