ArticleJournal of experimental botany2012
Introduction of apple ANR genes into tobacco inhibits expression of both CHI and DFR genes in flowers, leading to loss of anthocyanin.
Article in Journal of experimental botany, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers.
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77 citing papers in PubMed, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Overexpression of a Tonoplast Malate Transporter Gene Leads to Enhanced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Apple.Plant biotechnology journal · 2026Article
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- Review
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- The Scarlet Alchemy of Survival: Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Leaf Coloration in EndangeredPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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- Integrative analysis of genome-wide association studies of polyphenols in apple fruits identifies the MdDof2.4Horticulture research · 2025Article
- Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Anthocyanidin Reductase Gene Family in Lychee (Genes · 2024Article
- Image analysis and polyphenol profiling unveil red-flesh apple phenotype complexity.Plant methods · 2024Article
- Integration of Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Flower Color Formation inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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- Whole-genome resequencing and transcriptome analyses of four generation mutants to reveal spur-type and skin-color related genes in apple (Malus domestica Borkh. Cv. Red delicious).BMC plant biology · 2023Article
- Light-Induced TaHY5-7A and TaBBX-3B Physically Interact to PromotePlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Transcriptomic analysis reveals the mechanism underlying the anthocyanin changes in Fragaria nilgerrensis Schlecht. and its interspecific hybrids.BMC plant biology · 2023Article
- Colorful hues: insight into the mechanisms of anthocyanin pigmentation in fruit.Plant physiology · 2023Article
- High Light Intensity Triggered Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis Mediates Anthocyanin Accumulation in Young Leaves of Tea Plant (Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Proanthocyanidins Delay Fruit Coloring and Softening by Repressing Related Gene Expression during Strawberry (International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Transcriptional networks orchestrating red and pink testa color in peanut.BMC plant biology · 2023Article
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Three genes encoding anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) in apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.), designated MdANR1, MdANR2a, and MdANR2b, have been cloned and characterized. MdANR1 shows 91% identity in coding DNA sequences with MdANR2a and MdANR2b, while MdANR2a and MdANR2b are allelic and share 99% nucleotide sequence identity in the coding region. MdANR1 and MdANR2 genes are located on linkage groups 10 and 5, respectively. Expression levels of both MdANR1 and MdANR2 genes are generally higher in yellow-skinned cv. Golden Delicious than in red-skinned cv. Red Delicious. Transcript accumulation of MdANR1 and MdANR2 genes in fruits gradually decreased throughout fruit development. Ectopic expression of apple MdANR genes in tobacco positively and negatively regulates the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and anthocyanin, respectively, resulting in white, pale pink-coloured, and white/red variegated flowers. The accumulation of anthocyanin is significantly reduced in all tobacco transgenic flowers, while catechin and epicatechin contents in transgenic flowers are significantly higher than those in flowers of wild-type plants. The inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis in tobacco transgenic flowers overexpressing MdANR genes is probably attributed to down-regulation of CHALCONE ISOMERASE (CHI) and DIHYDROFLAVONOL-4-REDUCTASE (DFR) genes involved in the anthocyanin pathway. Interestingly, several transgenic lines show no detectable transcripts of the gene encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) in flowers, but accumulate higher levels of catechin in flowers of transgenic plants than those of wild-type plants. This finding suggests that the ANR gene may be capable of generating catechin via an alternative route, although this mechanism is yet to be further elucidated.
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