ArticleToxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology2012
Pharmacokinetics of melamine and cyanuric acid and their combinations in F344 rats.
Article in Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Depletion of melamine and cyanuric acid in serum from catfish Ictalurus punctatus and rainbow trout Onchorhynchus mykiss.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2012Trial
- Intra-individual variability of urinary non-persistent chemical concentrations during pregnancy in the ECHO Cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Chronic Cyanuric Acid Exposure Depresses Hippocampal LTP but Does Not Disrupt Spatial Learning or Memory in the Morris Water Maze.Neurotoxicity research · 2021Article
- Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects by melamine and cyanuric acid co-exposure in human embryonic kidney 293 cells.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2020Article
- Inter-day and inter-individual variability in urinary concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid.Environment international · 2019Article
- Reproductive toxicity in rats with crystal nephropathy following high doses of oral melamine or cyanuric acid.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2014Article
- Isolation and characterization of atrazine mineralizing Bacillus subtilis strain HB-6.PloS one · 2014Article
- Proceedings of the 2013 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium.Toxicologic pathology · 2014Article
- Depletion of melamine and cyanuric acid in kidney of catfish Ictalurus punctatus and trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics · 2013Article
- Timing and route of exposure affects crystal formation in melamine and cyanuric exposed male and female rats: gavage vs. feeding.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2012Article
- Dose-response assessment of nephrotoxicity from a twenty-eight-day combined-exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid in F344 rats.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The intentional adulteration of pet food with melamine and cyanuric acid has been implicated in the kidney failure and death of a large number of cats and dogs in the United States. Although individually these compounds present low toxicity in a range of experimental animals, coexposure can lead to the formation of melamine cyanurate crystals in the nephrons and eventual kidney failure. Given this mode of action, a good understanding of the pharmacokinetic profiles of melamine and cyanuric acid and their combinations is essential to define properly the risk associated with different exposure scenarios. Previous studies have investigated the individual pharmacokinetic profiles of melamine and cyanuric acid. In this work, we report a comparison between the pharmacokinetic profiles of melamine and cyanuric acid administered individually, administered simultaneously as the individual compounds, and administered as a preformed melamine cyanurate complex. Although the oral coadministration of 1 mg/kg body weight of melamine and cyanuric acid did not alter significantly the pharmacokinetic profiles in relation to those determined upon individual oral administration of each compound, the administration of equal amounts of each triazine as the preformed melamine cyanurate complex significantly altered the pharmacokinetics, with reduced bioavailability of both compounds, lower observed maximum serum concentrations, delayed peak concentrations, and prolonged elimination half lives. These results indicate that in order to estimate properly the combined nephrotoxic potential of melamine and cyanuric acid, the experimental design of toxicological experiments and the evaluation of animal or human exposure scenarios should consider the detailed mode of exposure, with particular emphasis on any possible ex vivo formation of melamine cyanurate.
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