ReviewAnnual review of immunology2012
VLR-based adaptive immunity.
Review in Annual review of immunology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 117 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
117 citing papers in PubMed, 249 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unraveling the molecular evolution and immune functions of Lr-CD40 in Lethenteron reissneri.Fish physiology and biochemistry · 2026Article
- Discontinuous genomic coding and paradigm shifts in molecular biology and immunology: revolutions via "normal science".Natural sciences (Weinheim, Germany) · 2026Article
- An invariant VLR-like receptor refines the T-like cell framework in lamprey.Nature communications · 2026Article
- TLR25 is endosomally located and responds toFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Interactions between Innate Immune Memory and the Central Nervous System.Neuroimmunomodulation · 2026Review
- Exploring the evolutionary conservation and functional implications of Endothelin Converting Enzyme 1 (ECE1) in lamprey (Lethenteron reissneri).Fish physiology and biochemistry · 2025Article
- Thermostable lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor antibody for detection of Plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein-2.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Live imaging in zebrafish reveals tissue-specific strategies for amoeboid migration.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- Discovery of an unconventional lamprey lymphocyte lineage highlights divergent features in vertebrate adaptive immune system evolution.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Exploring the Multiple Roles of Notch1 in Biological Development: An Analysis and Study Based on Phylogenetics and Transcriptomics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- High throughput long-read sequencing of circulating lymphocytes of the evolutionarily distant sea lamprey reveals diversity and common elements of the variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) repertoire.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Genomic view of the origins of cell-mediated immunity.Immunogenetics · 2023Article
- The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The adaptive microbiome hypothesis and immune interactions in amphibian mucus.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2023Review
- Seascape genomics reveals limited dispersal and suggests spatially varying selection among European populations of sea lamprey (Evolutionary applications · 2023Article
- Molecular characterization and expression analysis of a novel cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) gene in lamprey (Lethenteron reissneri).Development genes and evolution · 2023Article
- TULA Proteins in Men, Mice, Hens, and Lice: Welcome to the Family.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Investigation of the Molecular Evolution of Treg Suppression Mechanisms Indicates a Convergent Origin.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Article
- IL-2-mTORC1 signaling coordinates the STAT1/T-bet axis to ensure Th1 cell differentiation and anti-bacterial immune response in fish.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Hepatic cecum: a key integrator of immunity in amphioxus.Marine life science & technology · 2021Review
57 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Lampreys and hagfish are primitive jawless vertebrates capable of mounting specific immune responses. Lampreys possess different types of lymphocytes, akin to T and B cells of jawed vertebrates, that clonally express somatically diversified antigen receptors termed variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), which are composed of tandem arrays of leucine-rich repeats. The VLRs appear to be diversified by a gene conversion mechanism involving lineage-specific cytosine deaminases. VLRA is expressed on the surface of T-like lymphocytes; B-like lymphocytes express and secrete VLRB as a multivalent protein. VLRC is expressed by a distinct lymphocyte lineage. VLRA-expressing cells appear to develop in a thymus-like tissue at the tip of gill filaments, and VLRB-expressing cells develop in hematopoietic tissues. Reciprocal expression patterns of evolutionarily conserved interleukins and chemokines possibly underlie cell-cell interactions during an immune response. The discovery of VLRs in agnathans illuminates the origins of adaptive immunity in early vertebrates.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.