ArticleBreast cancer research and treatment2012
Mammographic density, parity and age at first birth, and risk of breast cancer: an analysis of four case-control studies.
Article in Breast cancer research and treatment, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breast Density and Risk of Breast Cancer in Asian Women: A Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2016Pooled it
- Reproductive factors and the expression of stromal markers in benign breast biopsy samples.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Motherhood's immune legacy reshapes the breast for lasting cancer defence.Immuno-oncology technology · 2026Article
- Interactions between genetic and epidemiological factors influencing mammographic density.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Margin of Error: The Emerging Role of Field Cancerization in Predicting Recurrence Risk of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Reproductive determinants of mammographic density in black women.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
- Reproductive factors and mammographic density within the International Consortium of Mammographic Density: A cross-sectional study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Breast percent density changes in digital mammography pre- and post-radiotherapy.Journal of medical radiation sciences · 2024Article
- Associations of stem cell markers CD44, CD24 and ALDH1A1 with mammographic breast density in women with benign breast biopsies.British journal of cancer · 2024Article
- Associations of reproductive breast cancer risk factors with expression of stem cell markers in benign breast tissue.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Article
- Reproductive factors and expression of stem cell markers in women with incident benign breast disease.American journal of cancer research · 2024Article
- Mammographic breast density status in women aged more than 40 years in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq: a cross-sectional study.The Journal of international medical research · 2022Article
- Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Breast Cancer by Molecular Subtype: Analysis of the MEND Study.Clinical breast cancer · 2022Article
- Sensing mammographic density using single-sided portable Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2022Article
- Factors associated with mammographic breast density among women in Karachi Pakistan.BMC women's health · 2021Article
- Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk.Cancers · 2021Review
- Article
- Heterogenous Effect of Risk Factors on Breast Cancer across the Breast Density Categories in a Korean Screening Population.Cancers · 2020Article
- Immigration history, lifestyle characteristics, and breast density in the Vietnamese American Women's Health Study: a cross-sectional analysis.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2020Article
- Serum Levels of Commonly Detected Persistent Organic Pollutants and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Mammographic Density in Postmenopausal Women.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 10 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Mammographic density is strongly and consistently associated with breast cancer risk. To determine if this association was modified by reproductive factors (parity and age at first birth), data were combined from four case-control studies conducted in the United States and Japan. To overcome the issue of variation in mammographic density assessment among the studies, a single observer re-read all the mammograms using one type of interactive thresholding software. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) while adjusting for other known breast cancer risk factors. Included were 1,699 breast cancer cases and 2,422 controls, 74% of whom were postmenopausal. A positive association between mammographic density and breast cancer risk was evident in every group defined by parity and age at first birth (OR per doubling of percent mammographic density ranged between 1.20 and 1.39). Nonetheless, the association appeared to be stronger among nulliparous than parous women (OR per doubling of percent mammographic density = 1.39 vs. 1.24; P interaction = 0.054). However, when examined by study location, the effect modification by parity was apparent only in women from Hawaii and when examined by menopausal status, it was apparent in postmenopausal, but not premenopausal, women. Effect modification by parity was not significant in subgroups defined by body mass index or ethnicity. Adjusting for mammographic density did not attenuate the OR for the association between parity and breast cancer risk by more than 16.4%, suggesting that mammographic density explains only a small proportion of the reduction in breast cancer risk associated with parity. In conclusion, this study did not support the hypothesis that parity modifies the breast cancer risk attributed to mammographic density. Even though an effect modification was found in Hawaiian women, no such thing was found in women from the other three locations.
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