Evidence map›Paper›PMID 22218402›Full record

Trial reportNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2012

Comparing an immediate cessation versus reduction approach to smokeless tobacco cessation.

Katherine R Schiller, Xianghua Luo, Amanda J Anderson, Joni A Jensen, Sharon S Allen, Dorothy K Hatsukami

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00218296 (Treatment of Smokeless Tobacco Users), which is not on this map. Cited by 9 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT00218296 phase2completednot on this map

Treatment of Smokeless Tobacco Users

TypeinterventionalSponsorUniversity of MinnesotaRan2006 to 2009Enrolled332ConditionsTobacco Use DisorderArmsUsual Care Group, Reduction Group
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019
    Pooled it
  3. Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2015
    Pooled it
  4. Flavored and nonflavored smokeless tobacco products: rate, pattern of use, and effects.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2013
    Pooled it
  5. Trial
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Challenges in Indian Women’s Readiness to Quit Smokeless Tobacco UseAsian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2018
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Katherine R SchillerTobacco Research Programs, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA.
Xianghua Luo
Amanda J Anderson
Joni A Jensen
Sharon S Allen
Dorothy K Hatsukami

Funding

TRAINING-PULMONARY CELL &MOLECULAR BIOLOGY &PHYSIOLOGYT32HL007741 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES · PI DUDLEY, R. ADAMS, INGBAR, DAVID H · 1994 to 2023
$13.9M
Treatment of Smokeless Tobacco UsersR01DA014404 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES · PI HATSUKAMI, DOROTHY K · 2001 to 2008
$1.7M
Intramural NIH HHSNHLBI NIH HHS T32 HL007741NHLBI NIH HHS T32HL007741NIDA NIH HHS R01DA14404
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionRelatively few studies have investigated pharmacological or behavioral treatment of smokeless tobacco (ST) users who do not have immediate quit plans. In this study, we compared a reduction treatment approach with an immediate cessation approach in a population of ST users who reported no immediate plans to quit.

methodsSubjects randomly assigned to the immediate cessation condition set a quit date soon after enrollment and were offered 2 weeks of nicotine patch therapy to help in their cessation efforts. Subjects assigned to the ST reduction group were provided with their choice of either 4 mg nicotine lozenge or ST brand switching to help them reduce their ST use or levels of nicotine exposure, respectively. Quit date was 6 weeks after the onset of treatment. Follow-up was at 12 weeks and 26 weeks postenrollment and 26 weeks postquit.

resultsBoth 7-day point prevalence abstinence and prolonged abstinence rates following the quit date were significantly higher in the immediate cessation group versus the reduction group at 12 and 26 weeks (all p values ≤ .04) and for prolonged abstinence at 6 months postquit (p = .002). Significant reductions in ST use among nonquitters were observed for both groups (p < .0001) with no differences between groups.

conclusionOur study demonstrated that immediate cessation with an established quit date resulted in greater cessation success than a gradual reduction approach among ST users who do not have an immediate quit plan but are motivated to quit.

Indexed as

Tobacco, SmokelessAdultFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedMotivationNicotineTobacco Use CessationTobacco Use Cessation DevicesTobacco Use DisorderTreatment OutcomeNicotine

Identifiers

PMID22218402
PMCPMC3530899

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.