ArticlePloS one2011
Consequences of non-intervention for infectious disease in African great apes.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessing the nonhuman primate reservoir of Schistosoma mansoni in Africa: a systematic review.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2019Pooled it
- Prevalence of SARS-CoV2 in Communities Surrounding Bwindi-Mgahinga Mountain Gorilla Conservation Area, Uganda.Public health challenges · 2026Article
- Non-invasive environmental DNA sampling reveals tuberculosis risks at the human - Great Ape Interface in Africa.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Article
- The Lichen Flavin-Dependent Halogenase, DnHal: Identification, Heterologous Expression and Functional Characterization.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Projecting the impact of an ebola virus outbreak on endangered mountain gorillas.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Neopterin Levels in Bonobos Vary Seasonally and Reflect Symptomatic Respiratory Infections.EcoHealth · 2023Article
- Assessing the risk of human-to-wildlife pathogen transmission for conservation and public health.Ecology letters · 2022Review
- Article
- Ecological drivers of helminth infection patterns in the Virunga Massif mountain gorilla population.International journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2022Article
- Prevalence of antibodies against human respiratory viruses potentially involving anthropozoonoses in wild bonobos.Primates; journal of primatology · 2021Article
- Rapid transmission of respiratory infections within but not between mountain gorilla groups.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected in Mountain Gorilla Respiratory Outbreaks.EcoHealth · 2020Article
- Occurrence and transmission of flu-like illness among neighboring bonobo groups at Wamba.Primates; journal of primatology · 2020Article
- Simultaneous outbreaks of respiratory disease in wild chimpanzees caused by distinct viruses of human origin.Emerging microbes & infections · 2019Article
- Infectious Disease Risk Across the Growing Human-Non Human Primate Interface: A Review of the Evidence.Frontiers in public health · 2019Review
- A Whole Systems Approach to Hospital Waste Management in Rural Uganda.Frontiers in public health · 2019Article
- Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa.Science advances · 2018Article
- Pathogen Transmission from Humans to Great Apes is a Growing Threat to Primate Conservation.EcoHealth · 2018Review
- Destabilization of the gut microbiome marks the end-stage of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild chimpanzees.American journal of primatology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Infectious disease has recently joined poaching and habitat loss as a major threat to African apes. Both "naturally" occurring pathogens, such as Ebola and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV), and respiratory pathogens transmitted from humans, have been confirmed as important sources of mortality in wild gorillas and chimpanzees. While awareness of the threat has increased, interventions such as vaccination and treatment remain controversial. Here we explore both the risk of disease to African apes, and the status of potential responses. Through synthesis of published data, we summarize prior disease impact on African apes. We then use a simple demographic model to illustrate the resilience of a well-known gorilla population to disease, modeled on prior documented outbreaks. We found that the predicted recovery time for this specific gorilla population from a single outbreak ranged from 5 years for a low mortality (4%) respiratory outbreak, to 131 years for an Ebola outbreak that killed 96% of the population. This shows that mortality rates comparable to those recently reported for disease outbreaks in wild populations are not sustainable. This is particularly troubling given the rising pathogen risk created by increasing habituation of wild apes for tourism, and the growth of human populations surrounding protected areas. We assess potential future disease spillover risk in terms of vaccination rates amongst humans that may come into contact with wild apes, and the availability of vaccines against potentially threatening diseases. We discuss and evaluate non-interventionist responses such as limiting tourist access to apes, community health programs, and safety, logistic, and cost issues that constrain the potential of vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.