ReviewProgress in retinal and eye research2012
The bisretinoids of retinal pigment epithelium.
Review in Progress in retinal and eye research, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 248 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
248 citing papers in PubMed, 384 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systemic complement activation levels in Stargardt disease.PloS one · 2021Trial
- Visual cycle-derived bisretinoids as endogenous natural products: enzyme-free formation, photochemical reactivity, and retinal degeneration.Natural product reports · 2026Review
- Adaptive Optics Image Analysis Using Generative AI (GPT-4) Scripting: Exploratory Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Lens Opacity in ABCA4-Associated Stargardt Disease Patients in the ProgStar Study.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Exploring Polyene Construction Tactics for the Total Synthesis of Ocular Pyridinium Bisretinoids of Lipofuscin A2E and pdA2E.The Journal of organic chemistry · 2026Article
- Disease mechanisms revealed in the P23H opsin knock-in mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- Article
- Longitudinal Changes of Fundus Autofluorescence and Correlation With Visual Acuity in ABCA4-Associated Stargardt Disease.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- More insights from Abca4The Journal of biological chemistry · 2026Article
- Case series: The value of fundus autofluorescence in inherited macular disease.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2026Article
- Acid sphingomyelinase inhibition restores RPE homeostasis and photoreceptor function in preclinical Stargardt macular degeneration models.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Functional and Structural Analysis of the Central Retina According to the Fundus Autofluorescence Pattern in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Enantiopure Pyridinium Bisretinoids of Ocular Lipofuscin with Hexahydrobenzofuran Structure: Total Synthesis and Structure-Dependent Aggregated Morphology.The Journal of organic chemistry · 2026Article
- Integrative Landscape of Dry AMD Pathogenesis, Models, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Stereochemical Reassignment by Total Synthesis of an Ocular Pyridinium Bisretinoid of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Lipofuscin:Organic letters · 2025Article
- Characterization of the Subclinical Perilesional Zone in the Macula of Early-Stage ABCA4 Disease.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Review
- An open-source photobleacher for fluorescence imaging of large pigment-rich tissues.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Single-Cell Transcriptomics in Inherited Retinal Dystrophies: Current Findings and Emerging Perspectives.Genes · 2025Review
- Bisretinoid lipofuscin, fundus autofluorescence and retinal disease.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2025Review
188 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The retina exhibits an inherent autofluorescence that is imaged ophthalmoscopically as fundus autofluorescence. In clinical settings, fundus autofluorescence examination aids in the diagnosis and follow-up of many retinal disorders. Fundus autofluorescence originates from the complex mixture of bisretinoid fluorophores that are amassed by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells as lipofuscin. Unlike the lipofuscin found in other cell-types, this material does not form as a result of oxidative stress. Rather, the formation is attributable to non-enzymatic reactions of vitamin A aldehyde in photoreceptor cells; transfer to RPE occurs upon phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. These fluorescent pigments accumulate even in healthy photoreceptor cells and are generated as a consequence of the light capturing function of the cells. Nevertheless, the formation of this material is accelerated in some retinal disorders including recessive Stargardt disease and ELOVL4-related retinal degeneration. As such, these bisretinoid side-products are implicated in the disease processes that threaten vision. In this article, we review our current understanding of the composition of RPE lipofuscin, the structural characteristics of the various bisretinoids, their related spectroscopic features and the biosynthetic pathways by which they form. We will revisit factors known to influence the extent of the accumulation and therapeutic strategies being used to limit bisretinoid formation. Given their origin from vitamin A aldehyde, an isomer of the visual pigment chromophore, it is not surprising that the bisretinoids of retina are light sensitive molecules. Accordingly, we will discuss recent findings that implicate the photodegradation of bisretinoid in the etiology of age-related macular degeneration.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.