ArticlePloS one2011
Farnesol-induced apoptosis in Candida albicans is mediated by Cdr1-p extrusion and depletion of intracellular glutathione.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Zerumbone combined with antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation reduces growth of Candida albicans biofilms and modulates virulence gene expression.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2026Article
- Do farnesol and tyrosol production inVirulence · 2025Article
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- Cyclodextrins in action: ModulatingBiotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- The association of DNase I with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy affects Candida albicans gene expression and promotes immunomodulatory effects in mice with candidiasis.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2025Article
- Functional analysis of Candida albicans Cdr1 through homologous and heterologous expression studies.FEMS yeast research · 2025Review
- Fungal Apoptosis-Related Proteins.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Glutathione: A Key Regulator of Extracellular Matrix and Cell Death in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.Mediators of inflammation · 2024Review
- Amino acid substitutions in specific proteins correlate with farnesol unresponsiveness in Candida albicans.BMC genomics · 2023Article
- The Effect of Sub-Lethal Successive Applications of Photodynamic Therapy onJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Synergistic activity of pomegranate rind extract and Zn (II) against Candida albicans under planktonic and biofilm conditions, and a mechanistic insight based upon intracellular ROS induction.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Inhibitory Effects and Mechanism of Action of Elsinochrome A onJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Farnesol Boosts the Antifungal Effect of Fluconazole and Modulates Resistance inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Topical Application of 4'-Hydroxychalcone in Combination withACS omega · 2022Article
- A Proteomic Landscape of Candida albicans in the Stepwise Evolution to Fluconazole Resistance.Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Farnesol induces protection against murine CNS inflammatory demyelination and modifies gut microbiome.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2022Review
- Nanoparticle carrier co-delivery of complementary antibiofilm drugs abrogates dual species cariogenic biofilm formationJournal of oral microbiology · 2022Article
- Compounds with Distinct Targets Present Diverse Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Efficacy againstJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Optimum Inhibition of Amphotericin-B-ResistantBiomolecules · 2020Article
- Inhibiting roles of farnesol and HOG in morphological switching ofAmerican journal of translational research · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Farnesol is a key derivative in the sterol biosynthesis pathway in eukaryotic cells previously identified as a quorum sensing molecule in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Recently, we demonstrated that above threshold concentrations, farnesol is capable of triggering apoptosis in C. albicans. However, the exact mechanism of farnesol cytotoxicity is not fully elucidated. Lipophilic compounds such as farnesol are known to conjugate with glutathione, an antioxidant crucial for cellular detoxification against damaging compounds. Glutathione conjugates act as substrates for ATP-dependent ABC transporters and are extruded from the cell. To that end, this current study was undertaken to validate the hypothesis that farnesol conjugation with intracellular glutathione coupled with Cdr1p-mediated extrusion of glutathione conjugates, results in total glutathione depletion, oxidative stress and ultimately fungal cell death. The combined findings demonstrated a significant decrease in intracellular glutathione levels concomitant with up-regulation of CDR1 and decreased cell viability. However, addition of exogenous reduced glutathione maintained intracellular glutathione levels and enhanced viability. In contrast, farnesol toxicity was decreased in a mutant lacking CDR1, whereas it was increased in a CDR1-overexpressing strain. Further, gene expression studies demonstrated significant up-regulation of the SOD genes, primary enzymes responsible for defense against oxidative stress, with no changes in expression in CDR1. This is the first study describing the involvement of Cdr1p-mediated glutathione efflux as a mechanism preceding the farnesol-induced apoptotic process in C. albicans. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying farnesol-cytotoxicity in C. albicans may lead to the development of this redox-cycling agent as an alternative antifungal agent.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.