ArticlePloS one2011
Mitragynine attenuates withdrawal syndrome in morphine-withdrawn zebrafish.
Article in PloS one, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Decoding kratom: molecular mechanisms and epigenetic factors in use and dependence.Translational psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review of (pre)clinical studies on the therapeutic potential and safety profile of kratom in humans.Human psychopharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Opioidergic modulation of stress-induced hyperalgesia in adult zebrafish.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Housing and husbandry factors affecting zebrafish novel tank test responses: a global multi-laboratory study.Lab animal · 2025Article
- Oxidative Stress and Gene Expression Dynamics: PENK, PDYN, and NRF2 in Cognitive Recovery from Opioid Withdrawal with Herbal Supplements and Aerobic Exercise.Advanced biomedical research · 2025Article
- Cognitive and physiological impacts of psychotherapy incorporating human-equine interactions during substance withdrawal: A scoping review.Journal of equine rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Review
- Influence of chronic administration of morphine and its withdrawal on the behaviour of zebrafish.Journal of biosciences · 2023Article
- Receptor-Mediated AKT/PI3K Signalling and Behavioural Alterations in Zebrafish Larvae Reveal Association between Schizophrenia and Opioid Use Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Use of Zebrafish as a Non-traditional Model Organism in Translational Pain Research: The Knowns and the Unknowns.Current neuropharmacology · 2022Article
- Physiological dependence to mitragynine indicated by a rapid cross-dependence procedure with heroin-dependent mice.Psychopharmacology · 2022Article
- Kratom Alkaloids, Natural and Semi-Synthetic, Show Less Physical Dependence and Ameliorate Opioid Withdrawal.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2021Article
- The Right to Use Kratom from the Psychiatric and Islamic Perspectives.Journal of religion and health · 2021Article
- Marijuana and Opioid Use during Pregnancy: Using Zebrafish to Gain Understanding of Congenital Anomalies Caused by Drug Exposure during Development.Biomedicines · 2020Review
- Assessing physiological dependence and withdrawal potential of mitragynine using schedule-controlled behaviour in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2020Article
- Mitragynine Attenuates Morphine Withdrawal Effects in Rats-A Comparison With Methadone and Buprenorphine.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Article
- An Automated Assay System to Study Novel Tank Induced Anxiety.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2019Article
- Adult zebrafish in CNS disease modeling: a tank that's half-full, not half-empty, and still filling.Lab animal · 2017Article
- Following "the Roots" of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries.BioMed research international · 2015Review
- Anxiolytic-like effects of mitragynine in the open-field and elevated plus-maze tests in rats.The journal of physiological sciences : JPS · 2014Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A major obstacle in treating drug addiction is the severity of opiate withdrawal syndrome, which can lead to unwanted relapse. Mitragynine is the major alkaloid compound found in leaves of Mitragyna speciosa, a plant widely used by opiate addicts to mitigate the harshness of drug withdrawal. A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of mitragynine on anxiety behavior, cortisol level and expression of stress pathway related genes in zebrafish undergoing morphine withdrawal phase. Adult zebrafish were subjected to two weeks chronic morphine exposure at 1.5 mg/L, followed by withdrawal for 24 hours prior to tests. Using the novel tank diving tests, we first showed that morphine-withdrawn zebrafish display anxiety-related swimming behaviors such as decreased exploratory behavior and increased erratic movement. Morphine withdrawal also elevated whole-body cortisol levels, which confirms the phenotypic stress-like behaviors. Exposing morphine-withdrawn fish to mitragynine however attenuates majority of the stress-related swimming behaviors and concomitantly lower whole-body cortisol level. Using real-time PCR gene expression analysis, we also showed that mitragynine reduces the mRNA expression of corticotropin releasing factor receptors and prodynorphin in zebrafish brain during morphine withdrawal phase, revealing for the first time a possible link between mitragynine's ability to attenuate anxiety during opiate withdrawal with the stress-related corticotropin pathway.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.