ArticleJournal of virology2012
CD4 T cells promote CD8 T cell immunity at the priming and effector site during viral encephalitis.
Article in Journal of virology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Machine learning-based development and validation of a scoring system for progression-free survival in liver cancer.Hepatology international · 2020Trial
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- Meningeal and infiltrating T-cells are associated with repetitive head trauma and tau-mediated neurodegeneration in chronic traumatic encephalopathy.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
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- The Complexity of Immunoglobulin A Immune Responses in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.Viruses · 2026Review
- Cystatin F as a neuroimmune effector in CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- TScience advances · 2025Article
- Bacterial vaginosis associates with dysfunctional T cells and altered soluble immune factors in the cervicovaginal tract.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Observational
- Depletion of Tregs from CD4The FEBS journal · 2025Article
- HLA-DR expression in cytotoxic T lymphocytes: a key to boost the therapeutic potential of T cell-based strategies for breast cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Orchestration of antiviral responses within the infected central nervous system.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Analysis of polyfunctionality for enhanced BAFF-R CAR T-cell therapy for hematologic malignancies.Blood advances · 2024Article
- Review
- Tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells are present but not critical for demyelination and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of multiple system atrophy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Dose escalation study of a personalized peptide-based neoantigen vaccine (EVX-01) in patients with metastatic melanoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
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- Systems Biology and Cytokines Potential Role in Lung Cancer Immunotherapy Targeting Autophagic Axis.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Development and external validation of a prognostic tool for nonsevere COVID-19 inpatients.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- Designing Anti-Viral Vaccines that Harness Intrastructural Help from Prior BCG Vaccination.Journal of cellular immunology · 2023Article
- Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
CD4 T cell activation during peripheral infections not only is essential in inducing protective CD8 T cell memory but also promotes CD8 T cell function and survival. However, the contributions of CD4 T cell help to antiviral CD8 T cell immunity during central nervous system (CNS) infection are not well established. Encephalitis induced by the sublethal coronavirus JHMV was used to identify when CD4 T cells regulate CD8 T cell responses following CNS infection. Peripheral expansion of virus-specific CD8 T cells was impaired when CD4 T cells were ablated prior to infection but not at 4 days postinfection. Delayed CD4 T cell depletion abrogated CD4 T cell recruitment to the CNS but only slightly diminished CD8 T cell recruitment. Nevertheless, the absence of CNS CD4 T cells was associated with reduced gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and granzyme B expression by infiltrating CD8 T cells, increased CD8 T cell apoptosis, and impaired control of infectious virus. CD4 T cell depletion subsequent to CD4 T cell CNS migration restored CD8 T cell activity and virus control. Analysis of γc-dependent cytokine expression indicated interleukin-21 (IL-21) as a primary candidate optimizing CD8 T cell activity within the CNS. These results demonstrate that CD4 T cells play critical roles in both enhancing peripheral activation of CD8 T cells and prolonging their antiviral function within the CNS. The data highlight the necessity for temporally and spatially distinct CD4 T cell helper functions in sustaining CD8 T cell activity during CNS infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.