GuidelineClinical pharmacology and therapeutics2012
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for codeine therapy in the context of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype.
Guideline in Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 167 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Preemptive Genotyping of Children and Adolescents at Risk for Surgery and Subsequent Pain Management
Standard of Care Versus Urine Testing With Selective PHarmacogenomics for Effective Drug and Dosing REgimens: SPHERE
Who cites it
167 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 367 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6 Genotype and Atomoxetine Therapy.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2019Guideline
- Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2D6 and Tamoxifen Therapy.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2018Guideline
- Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline (CPIC) for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes and dosing of tricyclic antidepressants: 2016 update.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2017Guideline
- African Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cytochrome P450-mediated Drug Metabolism and Drug Development.EBioMedicine · 2017Pooled it
- Clinical Pharmacogenetic Testing and Application: Laboratory Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines.Annals of laboratory medicine · 2017Guideline
- Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 update.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2014Guideline
- Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guideline for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotypes and dosing of tricyclic antidepressants.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2013Guideline
- Pharmacogenomics of drug-metabolizing enzymes: a recent update on clinical implications and endogenous effects.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2013Pooled it
- Impact of Pregnancy and Vitamin A Supplementation on CYP2D6 Activity.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2023Trial
- CYP2D6 Genotype Phenotype Discordance Due to Drug-Drug Interaction.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2018Trial
- Genotype and co-medication dependent CYP2D6 metabolic activity: effects on serum concentrations of aripiprazole, haloperidol, risperidone, paliperidone and zuclopenthixol.European journal of clinical pharmacology · 2016Trial
- In vivo assessment of the metabolic activity of CYP2D6 diplotypes and alleles.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Abuse liability and reinforcing efficacy of oral tramadol in humans.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2013Trial
- Insights into the Complexities of Pharmacotherapy Parameters in Artificial Intelligence Models for Drug Selection, Precision Personalised Medicine and Optimal Therapeutic Outcomes.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- O-methylation of phenolic natural products: translational insights from resveratrol.Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2026Review
- Opioids to Treat Chronic Pain in the Older Adult: A Clinical Consensus to Guarantee Safety and Avoid Adverse Events.Drugs & aging · 2026Review
- CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms influence postoperative pain sensitivity and drug response in lung cancer surgery.International journal of clinical and experimental pathology · 2026Article
- Use of Drugs With Actionable Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers and Possible Prescribing Changes Among Older People.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2025Article
- Pre-emptive pharmacogenetic testing in the acute hospital setting: a cross-sectional study.QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians · 2025Article
107 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine as an analgesic are governed by CYP2D6 polymorphisms. Codeine has little therapeutic effect in patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, whereas the risk of morphine toxicity is higher in ultrarapid metabolizers. The purpose of this guideline (periodically updated at http://www.pharmgkb.org) is to provide information relating to the interpretation of CYP2D6 genotype test results to guide the dosing of codeine.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.