Trial reportJournal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology2012
Activation of peripheral-blood granulocytes is strongly correlated with patient outcome after immunotherapy with anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
Trial report in Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00072358 (Phase II Study of Anti-GD2 3F8 Antibody and GM-CSF for High-Risk Neuroblastoma), which is not on this map. Cited by 44 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase II Study of Anti-GD2 3F8 Antibody and GM-CSF for High-Risk Neuroblastoma
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative evidence on the independent contribution of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to anti-GD2 immunotherapy in neuroblastoma: a systematic review and gap analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Research status and development trends of omics in neuroblastoma a bibliometric and visualization analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Pooled it
- Sargramostim (rhu GM-CSF) as Cancer Therapy (Systematic Review) and An Immunomodulator. A Drug Before Its Time?Frontiers in immunologyPooled it
- Efficacy of anti-GD2 antibody immunotherapy with filgrastim and teceleukin versus standard treatment with sargramostim, aldesleukin and isotretinoin in children with high-risk neuroblastoma.International journal of clinical oncology · 2026Trial
- Naxitamab plus stepped-up dosing of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for primary refractory high-risk neuroblastoma: results of a phase I/II trial.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Trial
- A Phase II Trial of Naxitamab plus Stepped-up Dosing of GM-CSF for Patients with High-Risk Neuroblastoma in First Complete Remission.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Trial
- The anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody naxitamab plus GM-CSF for relapsed or refractory high-risk neuroblastoma: a phase 2 clinical trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Key role for myeloid cells: phase II results of anti-G(D2) antibody 3F8 plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for chemoresistant osteomedullary neuroblastoma.International journal of cancer · 2014Trial
- Murine anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody 3F8 combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and 13-cis-retinoic acid in high-risk patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma in first remission.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2012Trial
- The role of immunotherapy in the treatment of neuroblastoma.Surgery today · 2026Review
- Bidirectional role of neutrophils in tumor development.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- GM-CSF, G-CSF or no cytokine therapy with anti-GD2 immunotherapy for high-risk neuroblastoma.International journal of cancer · 2024Review
- Targeting the myeloid microenvironment in neuroblastoma.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2023Review
- Neuroblastoma: an ongoing cold front for cancer immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Review
- IgA antibody immunotherapy targeting GD2 is effective in preclinical neuroblastoma models.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- Highlights into historical and current immune interventions for cancer.International immunopharmacology · 2023Review
- Safety and efficacy of dinutuximab in the treatment of neuroblastoma: A review.Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences · 2023Review
- Biology of GD2 ganglioside: implications for cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Advances in liquid biopsy in neuroblastoma.Fundamental research · 2022Review
- Correspondence on "G-CSF as a suitable alternative to GM-CSF to boost dinutuximab-mediated neutrophil cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma treatment" by Martinez SanzJournal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeAdjuvant therapy using anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has shown treatment success for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB). Although there is ample evidence on how the antibody targets NB, in vivo contribution by GM-CSF remains unclear. This report investigates granulocyte activation and its correlation with treatment outcome. PATIENTS AND
methodsPatients enrolled onto NCT00072358 received multiple treatment cycles, each consisting of anti-GD2 antibody 3F8 plus subcutaneous (SC) GM-CSF. Peripheral-blood (PB) samples from 151 patients were collected on day 0 and day 4 of cycle 1. PB from a subgroup of 35 patients had intravenous (IV) instead of SC GM-CSF during cycle 4. Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry for CD11a, CD63, CD87, and CD11b and its activation epitope CBRM1/5.
resultsComparing cycle 1 day 4 PB samples with day 0 PB samples, five of five activation marker-positive granulocytes were significantly higher. The change in frequency and mean fluorescence intensity of CBRM1/5-positive granulocytes correlated with progression-free survival (PFS; P = .024 and P = .008, respectively). A multivariable analysis identified increasing CBRM1/5-positive granulocytes and missing killer immunoglobulin-like receptor ligand as positive independent prognostic factors for PFS, whereas second-line cyclophosphamide-based therapy before protocol entry negatively influenced outcome. Thirty-five patients who received SC GM-CSF at cycle 1 and IV GM-CSF at cycle 4 had significantly less CBRM1/5 activation after IV GM-CSF. In contrast, 63 patients who received SC GM-CSF at both cycles had comparable CBRM1/5 activation.
conclusionGM-CSF-induced granulocyte activation in vivo is associated with improved patient outcome. This activation was more apparent when GM-CSF was given by the SC route instead of IV route.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.