ArticleFungal genetics and biology : FG & B2012
Ribosomal biosynthesis of α-amanitin in Galerina marginata.
Article in Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B, 2012. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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27 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- The "dark magic mushroom" co-produces amatoxins and psilocybin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Re-assessment of the taxonomy of Antarctic mushrooms from King George Island, Antarctica.MycoKeys · 2026Article
- Pangenomics of the death cap mushroom Amanita phalloides, and of Agaricales, reveals dynamic evolution of toxin genes in an invasive range.The ISME journal · 2023Article
- Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes ofStudies in mycology · 2023Article
- Subcellular localization of fungal specialized metabolites.Fungal biology and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Genes and evolutionary fates of the amanitin biosynthesis pathway in poisonous mushrooms.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Mechanisms of action of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs).Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology · 2021Review
- Differential Expression of Amanitin Biosynthetic Genes and Novel Cyclic Peptides inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Novel Cyclic Peptides from LethalJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Phylogenetic analysis of the distribution of deadly amatoxins among the little brown mushrooms of the genus Galerina.PloS one · 2021Article
- Diversity of MSDIN family members in amanitin-producing mushrooms and the phylogeny of the MSDIN and prolyl oligopeptidase genes.BMC genomics · 2020Article
- Genome Assembly and Pathway Analysis of Edible Mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea.Genomics, proteomics & bioinformatics · 2020Article
- antiSMASH 5.0: updates to the secondary metabolite genome mining pipeline.Nucleic acids research · 2019Article
- Recent Advances in the Discovery and Biosynthetic Study of Eukaryotic RiPP Natural Products.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Genome of lethal Lepiota venenata and insights into the evolution of toxin-biosynthetic genes.BMC genomics · 2019Article
- Two new species of Amanitasect.Phalloideae from Africa, one of which is devoid of amatoxins and phallotoxins.MycoKeys · 2019Article
- The Biosynthesis of Heterophyllin B inFrontiers in plant science · 2019Article
- The MSDIN family in amanitin-producing mushrooms and evolution of the prolyl oligopeptidase genes.IMA fungus · 2018Article
- Biosynthetic Proteases That Catalyze the Macrocyclization of Ribosomally Synthesized Linear Peptides.Biochemistry · 2018Review
- Expansion and diversification of the MSDIN family of cyclic peptide genes in the poisonous agarics Amanita phalloides and A. bisporigera.BMC genomics · 2016Article
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4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Amatoxins, including α-amanitin, are bicyclic octapeptides found in mushrooms (Agaricomycetes, Agaricales) of certain species in the genera Amanita, Galerina, Lepiota, and Conocybe. Amatoxins and the chemically similar phallotoxins are synthesized on ribosomes in Amanita bisporigera, Amanita phalloides, and Amanita ocreata. In order to determine if amatoxins are synthesized by a similar mechanism in another, distantly related mushroom, we obtained genome survey sequence data from a monokaryotic isolate of Galerinamarginata, which produces α-amanitin. The genome of G. marginata contains two copies of the α-amanitin gene (GmAMA1-1 and GmAMA1-2). The α-amanitin proprotein sequences of G. marginata (35 amino acids) are highly divergent from AMA1 of A. bisporigera except for the toxin region itself (IWGIGCNP in single-letter amino acid code) and the amino acids immediately upstream (N[A/S]TRLP). G. marginata does not contain any related toxin-encoding sequences besides GmAMA1-1 and GmAMA1-2. DNA from two other α-amanitin-producing isolates of Galerina (G. badipes and G. venenata) hybridized to GmAMA1, whereas DNA from the toxin non-producing species Galerinahybrida did not. Expression of the GmAMA1 genes was induced by growth on low carbon. RNASeq evidence indicates that both copies of GmAMA1 are expressed approximately equally. A prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is strongly implicated in processing of the cyclic peptide toxins of A. bisporigera and Conocybe apala. G. marginata has two predicted POP genes; one, like AbPOPB of A. bisporigera, is present only in the toxin-producing isolates of Galerina and the other, like AbPOPA of A. bisporigera, is present in all species. Our results indicate that G.marginata biosynthesizes amatoxins on ribosomes by a pathway similar to Amanita species, involving a genetically encoded proprotein of 35 amino acids that is post-translationally processed by a POP. However, due to the high degree of divergence, the evolutionary relationship between AMA1 in the genera Amanita and Galerina is unclear.
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